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Currency repatriation requirements were extended on 14 April to cover loans issued by Russian residents to foreign borrowers, reducing the opportunities for businesses to shift funds abroad through non-repayable loans.

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

TRUST - LUXEMBOURG: Movement on beneficial ownership registers

INTERNATIONAL - HONG KONG: Multiple property stamp duty gap axed

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

INTERNATIONAL - INDIA: Highest court rules that three days per year is enough to create permanent establishment

INTERNATIONAL - Canadian notary must reimburse buyer stuck with non-resident seller's CGT bill

When a property conveyance takes place, the Italian tax laws stipulate the payment of certain taxes and charges which generally must be paid, at the time the notarial contract is stipulated, to the notary himself who thus undertakes the “irksome” task of tax collector. Such taxes are mostly payable by the purchaser. At the time of purchase, the system taxes the “wealth” indirectly manifested by the purchaser which consists of the price paid for the purchase of the property (so-called i

The italian Notary

The civil law notary is at one and the same time a public official representing the State, and a professional expert in the juridical field. He/she is appointed by the Ministry of Justice and is assigned by the latter to a single Municipality, although, if required, he/she is empowered to carry out his/her functions throughout the territory of the District in which the place he/she is assigned to is located, coinciding approximately with that of the Province. Accordingly, although he/s

A sale or purchase proposal is a document the parties may sign before the conveyance proper. It consists, alternatively, of a manifestation of the owner's willingness to sell to a probable purchaser or a manifestation of a possible purchaser's willingness to buy from the owner: in both cases by acceptance of the proposal, believe it or not, the contract of sale is concluded and becomes binding for both parties. Furthermore, the purchase or sale proposal is usually irrevocable: the signato

La proposition de vente ou d’achat est un document que les parties peuvent signer avant la transaction proprement dite. Elle consiste de la part du propriétaire du bien dans la manifestation de la volonté de vendre le bien à un acquéreur probable, ou dans la manifestation de la volonté d’acheter qu’un acquéreur éventuel communique au propriétaire du bien: dans les deux cas, avec l’acceptation de l’offre, même si cela a de l’incroyable, le contrat d’achat/vente est formalisé et engage les deu

It often happens that, after a prospective property has been inspected and chosen, substantial agreement is reached with the other party even if this is not yet formalized in written form. It is advisable to contact a notary at this early stage before signing the preliminary contract (the so-called “compromesso”). In the preliminary contract, both signatories undertake to stipulate the definitive sale contract by a certain date and on given conditions. The preliminary agreement (even i

Il arrive fréquemment que, après avoir vu et choisi le bien immobilier à acheter, on se mette d’accord en grandes lignes avec la contrepartie, même si rien n’a encore été formalisé noir sur blanc. Il convient alors absolument dès ce moment de s’adresser au notaire, même avant la signature de l’avant-contrat d’achat/vente (qu’on appelle compromis). En effet, par l’avant-contrat les deux parties s’engagent à conclure avant une certaine date et à des conditions précises le contrat définit

The following are examples of what needs to be included in a proposal for sale or purchase and in a preliminary contract: - the precise description of the asset or assets; - the exact identification of the owner or owners and of the purchaser or purchasers; - the obligations of the vendor and of the purchaser; - the price of the sale and method of payment; - the conditions of the conveyance and relevant guarantees; - documentation of the history of the asset or assets; -

Vous trouverez ici à titre d’exemple les points obligatoires à inclure dans une proposition de vente ou d’achat et dans un avant-contrat de mutation onéreuse: - la description précise du bien ou des biens;- l’identification exacte du propriétaire ou des propriétaires et de l’acquéreur ou des acquéreurs;- les obligations du vendeur et de l’acheteur;- le prix de la vente et les modalités de paiement;- les conditions de la transaction et les garanties qui l’accompagnent;- les documents indiq

Notaries and real estates

Notaries and real estates

Notaries and citizens

Notaries have as their essential mission to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients in various areas of law

Notaries provide the community with a complex service, they carry out a public function of the State within the framework of an independent profession. The notarial deed not only regulates transactions between parties, but it provides added value in at least three respects: - a contract signed before a notary is unchallengable and hence it avoids expensive and time-consuming litigation procedures; - it is enforceable and hence it can be used to recover credits and it constitutes pri

The vendor has the right to receive the full amount of the agreed price from the purchaser at the time the sale contract is settled. Frequently the vendor has already received an advance payment on that price, generally as a deposit: in that case he will have the right to receive the difference to make up the full agreed price. The vendor has the option to allow the purchaser a deferral of payment, with or without interest. It is up to the discretion of the vendor (based on the trust h

Mention must be made of the distinction between real rates and nominal rates. The nominal rate is the percentage of interest that formally appears in the contract and which regulates the home loan operation. In reality, however, the effective cost of the loan is inevitably conditioned by a whole series of other factors: first of all, by various expense items  (survey, review and closure expenses; collection or encashment expenses; third-party agency costs; tax and insurance expenses; othe

Il est utile d’évoquer brièvement la différence entre taux réel et taux nominal. Le taux nominal est le pourcentage d’intérêts qui paraît décidé formellement dans le contrat et sur lequel l’opération de crédit est gérée. En réalité, le coût effectif de l’emprunt est cependant inévitablement conditionné par toute une série d’autres facteurs: tout d’abord par différents éléments de frais (frais d’enquête, de révision, de clôture; frais de recouvrement ou d’encaissement; frais de médiation p

As from 1 January 2006, it has been possible to meet the taxation requirements on some real estate transfers at the land registry's valuation, regardless of the price agreed and shown in the contract. The rule that first introduced the price-value concept was Article 1, Paragraph 497 of Law no. 266 of 23 December 2005 (2006 Budget); there were two subsequent amendments: Article 35, Paragraph 21 of Legislative Decree no. 223 of 4 July 2006, converted with modifications into Law no. 248 of

The rate of interest is usually set in percentage terms; it may be fixed, which means it is the same for the whole duration of the loan, or variable, which means it is determined with reference to changing parameters that are set by objective, impartial criteria. For example, Euribor is an average quotation for variable rates calculated using objective criteria in the EU financial markets; while I.R.S. (interest instalments swap) is the financial reference parameter for establishing the cost

Following marriage, unless an explicit declaration to the contrary is made at the time of the ceremony, spouses find themselves in a shared property arrangement, this being the automatic legal regime in force in our system since 20/9/1975. This means that any purchase made by a spouse during the marriage is subject to legal community (or, simply put, is common property) with the other. The law excludes (to take a few of the more important cases) only assets acquired by donation or inherit

The law (articles 2 and 3) provides that when entering a preliminary agreement, or any agreement or contract for which the purchaser takes on obligations and pays money in advance but does not immediately purchase the property in the building under construction, the seller must issue a bank or insurance surety bond that guarantees the entire amount paid and to be paid before the final conveyance deed (which coincides with the deed drawn up by a notary public). The surety bond is the very

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

A  "public officer" is a professional who performs "public functions". This means that he is vested by the State  with public authority and faith, which allows him to draw "authentic deeds"  (or "public deeds"). The “authentic deed” is the characteristic  "product" of the latin notary system. Even though  the notaries' discipline can show slight differences in  the different countries adopting the latin system, they all draw up authentic (public) deeds with the same legal meaning.

The purchaser's main obligation is obviously to pay the agreed price to the vendor at the time the sale contract is completed. Where an advance payment has been made as a deposit, the difference must be paid to make up the full agreed price. It is legitimate for the purchaser to request a deferment of payment, but it is not his right to insist upon it, it being left to the discretion of the vendor whether or not to grant this: the purchaser's obligation to pay the price in full derives fr

A property conveyance gives rise to a series of rights and obligations for both parties. For a number of the rights of one of the contracting parties, there are corresponding and equal obligations of the other party, so that the vendor and the purchaser find themselves involved in an interactive web of expectations to be met and duties to be performed. While some of these rights/obligations, such as the payment/receipt of the purchase price and the delivery/receipt of the property, are

L’achat ou la vente d’un bien immobilier donne lieu pour les deux parties à des droits et à des obligations. À certains droits revenant à l’un des contractants correspondent en effet des devoirs analogues à la charge de la contrepartie, ce qui fait que le vendeur aussi bien que l’acheteur se trouvent liés réciproquement par des attentes à satisfaire et de obligations à respecter. Si certains de ces droits ou de ces obligations tels que le fait de payer/recevoir le prix et céder/recevoi

The new law that is discussed below, and in particular the duty to take out a surety bond, applies to all types of real estate negotiations and hence it applies to purchases, exchanges, divisions, allotments by cooperative companies …, also and in particular to all forms of agreement that are made before the purchase and actual delivery of the property, such as preliminary agreements, promises to sell, leasing contracts, unilateral promises, advance payments, …. (article 1, paragraph 1, lett

In "land credit" contracts, the borrower has the legally-assured option of early repayment of the home loan; but generally, even in ordinary contracts, that possibility is foreseen. The borrower may decide, therefore, at a certain point in the repayment plan, to close out the contract and repay the remaining capital, on which obviously he will no longer pay interest. Given this loss of earnings, the bank could, if the contract so stipulates, demand compensation (a penalty). According to a

Dans les contrats de "crédit foncier", la loi offre à l’emprunteur la possibilité de rembourser le prêt en avance; en général cependant, les contrats de droit ordinaire aussi prévoient cette faculté. Arrivé à un certain moment de l’amortissement, l’emprunteur peut donc décider de mettre fin au contrat en restituant le capital qu’il doit encore et sur lequel bien entendu il ne paiera plus d’intérêts. À cause de ce manque à gagner, la banque pouvait, si le contrat le prévoyait, demander une

Home loans are generally guaranteed by a mortgage and so are the preserve, in our legal system, of the notary. The presence of the notarial profession has become more significant with the recent increase in the number of such contracts, a result of the lower cost of money (though this is still subject to fluctuations) and improvements in living standards that allow an ever greater number of citizens to aspire to the ownership of their home and often of a second home as well. Year after ye

Les crédits obtenus pour le propre logement sont en général garantis par une hypothèque et sont donc, dans notre législation, du ressort du notaire. La présence du notariat devient encore plus évidente après la récente et forte augmentation du nombre de contrats de ce type, due à l’effet du faible coût de l’argent (encore qu’il reste toujours exposé au risque d’oscillations) et de l’amélioration des conditions de vie, qui permettent à un nombre croissant de personnes d’accéder à la propri

A person may not always be able to express his intentions directly: for example, because he is abroad or far from the place in which he is supposed to sign a particular deed or contract.In such cases, it is possible to use a power of attorney, i.e. a document giving another person the power to undertake a material or legal act in one's stead.For example, if a husband is abroad and a purchase contract for a house must be signed urgently, the husband – before he leaves or from abroad – may give hi

Fluctuations in the cost of money may, in some cases, make it advisable to “make running changes” to the terms of a mortgage: such changes, in economics, are known as renegotiation. There are various legal methods for achieving this: a) discharge of the old home loan and granting of new financing with a new mortgage (“replacement” home loan); b) merely changing the terms of the old home loan (renegotiation in the strictest sense); c) from 2 February 2007, subrog

In general the purchase/sale is the contract having the purpose of transferring the ownership of a house or the transfer of some other right for the equivalent of a price;  more generically it could be said that the purchase/sale of real estate is the formal agreement by means of which one party, called the seller, transfers to another, called purchaser, the ownership of a given property against payment of the price agreed on. Our juridical system, in view of the extreme importance of rea

As may be observed above, the role of the notary is important in guaranteeing the statements the vendor usually makes at the time the sale takes place. In particular, the vendor is obliged to make known how the asset he is about to sell came into his hands. It may be that he purchased it for a consideration in the normal way, or that he has occupied it for a sufficient number of years to avert any danger of eviction. It may be, however, that the property was donated to the vendor or

In a property conveyance, right from what we have called the preparatory phase before the definitive contract, the notary plays a rather delicate and important role: determining whether in fact the vendor is free to sell the asset and whether the purchaser in his turn may legitimately acquire it. For example - to cite just a few of the more important aspects - the notary's tasks include certifying the personal identity of the parties (in other words that the vendor and hence the owner of

If the parties wish to set up an general partnership, they must respect the specific rules laid down in this regard by the Civil Code, bearing in mind, in any case that, for many aspects, the law refers the reader to the provisions regulating informal partnerships, which consequently apply equally to general partnerships. So that, in the light the foregoing, the present file foresees multiple referrals to the subjects already dealt with and developed with regard to the informal partners

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

La loi n° 52 de 1996 a introduit dans la législation italienne des normes de protection des consommateurs dans leurs relations contractuelles avec les professionnels. Pour rationaliser la réglementation, alourdie par de nombreuses interventions législatives successives, on a récemment promulgué le Code de la consommation (décret-loi du 6 septembre 2005 n° 206), qui contient un remaniement global de la majeure partie des normes visant la protection du consommateur. Aux termes de l'artic

The price-value mechanism is applicable on condition that the contract document shows the full price agreed: "If even part of the agreed price is hidden, taxes are due on the whole amount and there is a fine of from fifty to one hundred per cent of the difference between the taxes due and those already levied on the amount declared, after subtracting the amount of any fine”.

A home loan is a contract whereby one party, called the lender (usually a bank), transfers a given sum of money to a second party known as the borrower, so that the latter may use it for a given time in exchange for paying the former an amount representing interest. To this outline of the essential structure and functions of the contract must be added that a home loan includes various clauses that are not always immediately comprehensible but are necessary for regulating all the relations

Il s’agit d’un contrat par lequel une partie, le bailleur (en général une banque) transfère à une autre, l’emprunteur, une quantité déterminée d’argent pour que cette dernière puisse en jouir pendant une période donnée en échange du paiement à la première d’une somme qui représente les intérêts. Ayant ainsi brossé les grandes lignes et la fonction du contrat, il faudra tout de suite souligner qu’un crédit immobilier est dans la vie concrète couplé à différentes clauses pas toujours immédi

The sale contract includes the personal data of both the vendor and the purchaser, including their fiscal codes, the description of the property to be transferred with an indication of its location, its nature and its boundaries, as well as its identification at the land titles office and a number of obligatory pieces of information regarding town planning and building regulations. The vendor must declare whether the property was built before 1 September 1967; if the building took place a

In general terms, the conveyance is the contract that transfers ownership of an asset or some other right in exchange for a consideration; more generically, one may say that a real estate conveyance is the formal agreement whereby one party, known as the vendor, transfers to another party, known as the purchaser, the ownership of a particular property in exchange for payment of the agreed price. Given the extreme importance of real property ownership, our legal system not only requires th

First of all, the purchaser has the right to have the vendor consign the property at the time of the notarised conveyance, upon payment of the purchase price, in its known state, with any agreed accessories, free of persons and things. It is legitimate for the purchaser to request consignment of the asset before the definitive transfer: however it is not his right to insist upon it, it being left to the d

Home loan contracts with a bank for a duration exceeding 18 months enjoy significant reductions in terms of indirect taxes: the contract does not attract stamp duty or registration duty or the mortgage registration tax, but only a “substitute tax” of 0.25% on the amount of the home loan which is debited directly by the bank and paid over to state revenue (N.B.: for mortgage contracts for the purchase, construction or restructuring of a second or subsequent home, from 1 August 2004 the tax th

Le contrat de prêt négocié avec une banque dont la durée dépasse dix-huit mois bénéficie d’importants allégements fiscaux en matière d’impôts indirects: le contrat n’est pas grevé de droits de timbre, ni d’enregistrement, ni d’inscription de l’hypothèque, mais seulement d’un impôt de substitution de 0,25% sur le montant de l’emprunt, qui sera directement retenu par la banque et versé à l’administration fiscale (Attention: exclusivement pour les crédits contractés pour l’achat, la constructio

In order to grant a home loan, the bank requires a guarantee: by definition, the most common of these is the mortgage. A mortgage gives the bank the right to be repaid from the proceeds of any forced sale of the asset offered as collateral, with priority over other creditors. A mortgage has better legal standing if it is a first mortgage, i.e. if there are no higher-priority mortgages: a "land credit" guarantee generally requires a first mortgage. A mortgage is established over the

Pour accorder un prêt, la banque demande une sûreté : la garantie la plus fréquente est par antonomase l’hypothèque.L’hypothèque attribue à la banque le droit de se satisfaire sur le produit d’une éventuelle vente forcée du bien donné comme sûreté, en position prioritaire par rapport à d’autres créanciers. L’hypothèque a une plus grande efficacité si elle est de premier rang, c.à.d. si elle n’est pas précédée par d’autres hypothèques: fondamentalement, une hypothèque prise en garantie d’u

When does one need a notary? The areas covered by Italian notaries are mainly:a) the purchase of a house or other real property;b) the formalization of a mortgage contract with a Bank;c) the preparation of powers of attorney so as to be represented by a third party;d) changes to property arrangements between spouses;e) applications to a court for authorizations regarding minor children;f) donation of assets;g) setting up of and changes to companies, and all relevant legal documents;h) acceptance

These must be residential properties and related accessories (garages, cellars, etc). As the taxation department itself confirmed (Telefisco 2006), the benefits extend to accessories without limit as to number and even if purchased separately from the principal asset, so long as their intended use as accessories is specified in the purchase contract. The system also applies to purchases of housing and accessories that are ineligible for the benefits foreseen for “primary residences”. So a

As has been seen above, in order to determine the type of tax and the amount and means of payment of the sums due for duties on the purchase of a so-called primary residence, one must first of all take into account the nature of the vendor. When the vendor is the company that built (or renovated) the property and four years have not elapsed since completion, the conveyance is subject to VAT that the purchaser must pay directly to the company and not to the notary, along with the payment o

The conveyance may rightly be considered the notarial transaction par excellence, considering all the actions the law imposes on the notary following settlement (to cite the more important ones: filing, cadastral registration, transcription, notification of the competent authorities specified by law etc.). It is the notary who writes the contract after having established the intentions of the parties and after having obtained all useful information and carried out all the necessary search

La transaction immobilière peut à juste titre être considérée comme l’acte notarié par excellence, entre autres également au vu de toutes les obligations que la loi impose au notaire comme conséquence de la conclusion de l’acte (pour n’en évoquer que les plus importantes: l’inscription aux registres, le transfert du droit de propriété, la transcription, les communications aux autorités compétentes prévues par la loi …). C’est le notaire qui rédige le contrat, après s’être enquis de la vol

If a married person wishes to sell a property, it is necessary to check whether or not the consent of the other spouse is needed; If a minor or a person not of sound mind is the owner of an asset, a judge's authorization is needed for the sale as well as the intervention of that person's tutor or parent or legal representative; the same thing applies for a purchase by such persons; If an inherited asset is the common property of several heirs, before selling his share an heir must firs

Only legal security in business and private relationships allow for economic development; therefore a constitutional state must guarantee  legal security to its citizens. To this goal: 1) lawsuits  must be prevented, for as much as possible; 2) the citizens must have access  to public registers whose records are reliable and legally trustworthy. Clearly the reliability of the findings depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the deeds entered. An authentic deed, drawn by a

When a borrower's default becomes absolute (in the sense that there is not only a delay in payment but a true "missed payment" of significant economic importance to the contract), the bank decides to cancel the contract and immediately demand repayment of the amounts due; hence the borrower cannot take advantage of the deferred payments contained in the redemption plan.At this point, the cancellation amount is calculated (capital plus accrued interest, late-payment interest and any other exp

A property regime is the set of rules that govern property and the manner of administering assets belonging to a married couple so long as the marriage lasts and when the marriage ends for any reason (death, divorce).In other words, the property regime stipulates the rights that each spouse has over assets acquired (by one or other of the spouses or by both) during the marriage, both for the duration of the marriage and in the case where the marriage ends.In Italy the “normal” regime established

In the first place, the vendor is obliged to consign to the purchaser the property sold in the state in which it is with vacant possession, free of persons and things, at the time the contract of sale is notarised, i.e. at the same time as the balance of the price is paid. The vendor has the option, however, of allowing the future purchaser to occupy the property even before the actual change of ownership, it being understood that because he is still the owner of the asset he remains resp

A joint-stock company must be set up through a public deed which must clearly indicate who the parties to the contract are. Such parties may be individuals but also legal entities (as for instance other joint-stock companies, partnerships, cooperatives or other bodies).The Memorandum of Association must indicate the Municipality in which the company has its registered office, which is where it operates, and the name of the company which must contain the wording “"società per azioni" or "s.p.

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

In general partnerships too it may happen that, in the course of the company’s existence, the partners may wish to amend the partnership deed.Unless otherwise agreed, such changes must be adopted unanimously (except for when the company is turned into a company with share capital, or when mergers or demergers are carried out),  and must be written in a public deed or in an authenticated private contract, just like the partnership deed, since the law prescribes that also these amendments must

Pour la constitution de la SCS ce sont les règles illustrées pour la  s.n.c  qui trouvent application.Quant à la forme et au contenu de l’acte constitutif, il devra respecter les mêmes règles que celles qui ont été décrites pour la s.n.c.Outre à celles-ci, il faudra indiquer de façon distincte qui sont les associés commandités et qui sont les commanditaires.L’acte constitutif de la SCS devra lui aussi être inscrit au registre des entreprises, et à défaut d’enregistrement, la société sera simplem

Consortiums are formed between entrepreneurs who decide to set up a common enterprise for regulating and carrying different phases of their respective businesses. The consortiums too are of a mutual character, since the consortium’s activity is carried out in the interest of its member enterprises. “Regulating” given steps of the members’ enterprises is a typical function of internal consortiums, and may be non-competitive in nature, while the “carrying out” of given steps in the respecti

Les consortiums sont des contrats entre entrepreneurs qui donnent naissance à une organisation commune pour organiser et exécuter certaines phases précises de leurs entreprise.Les consortiums sont eux aussi des organismes mutualistes, puisque l’activité du consortium doit être menée dans l’intérêt des entreprises associées. La "réglementation" de certaines phases que vivent les différentes entreprises est la fonction typique des consortiums internes et elle peut aussi présenter des traits anti-c

Informal partnerships are the most elementary form of enterprise.The fundamental characteristic of an informal partnership is that the scope of its activities is limited to non-commercial profit-making economic activities.The scope of an informal partnership may therefore include:- agricultural activities, with certain limitations because:   the purpose of the enterprise cannot be merely that of using assets, but must consist in the joint operation of a business activity;  taci

La société simple représente la forme la plus élémentaire de société.Ce qui caractérise fondamentalement la société simple est le fait qu’elle peut avoir pour objet exclusivement l’exercice d’activités économiques lucratives non commerciales.Le domaine d’activité des sociétés simples peut par conséquent porter sur l’exercice:- d’activités agricoles, avec quelques restrictions, dans le sens que:la société ne peut pas avoir comme objet la simple jouissance des biens, mais l’exercice commun et conc

The individual partnership may be resolved following the exclusion of a partner from the company.In some cases this occurs by law (e.g. in cases of bankruptcy), while in other cases the exclusion is decided by the other partners, when circumstances envisaged by the law or by the  partnership contract occur. Your Notary public will describe such cases to you.In all the cases examined thus far in which the relationship of a single partner ends as a result of death, withdrawal or exclusion, the

Une durée terminée n’est pas un élément essentiel pour la constitution des sociétés de personnes.Les parties peuvent aussi concorder expressément une durée indéterminée.Lorsqu’un terme est prévu, il détermine la dissolution de la société au moment de sa survenue.Le terme peut être modifié ou exclu par une décision des associés comme suit:- prorogation exprimée expressément.Dans ce cas, tous les associés décident expressément de fixer un nouveau terme ou de maintenir en vie la société pour un

In this case too a partnership contract must be concluded (explicitly called by the law as “Memorandum of Association”). The contract must be drawn up in the form of a public deed or of an authenticated private contract.

If for any reason a partner no longer wishes to belong to the company, he may exercise the right of withdrawal.In particular, if the company was set up for an indefinite period of time or for the lifetime of one of the partners, each partner may withdraw freely.Otherwise, if the company is for a definite period of time, withdrawal is admitted by law only in the case of a just cause.The partnership contract may in any case envisage other circumstances in which a partner may withdraw, specifyi

The management of a company is the activity of running the corporate enterprise. The power of management is the power of carrying out any activity that falls within the scope of the corporate purpose.When the management of the company falls on more than one partner (all or some), and the partnership contract makes no provision on how the power of management is to be exercised, then the notion of  separate management shall apply:  each partner is a director, that is, he has the power of manag

Dans les sociétés de capitaux se réalise une autonomie patrimoniale parfaite, dans le sens que les associés répondent des dettes sociales uniquement à concurrence de la quote-part apportée.Ceci comporte:- que les créanciers personnels de l’associé ne peuvent pas être désintéressés sur les biens de la société;- que les créanciers sociaux pour leur part ne peuvent pas prétendre que les associés couvrent les dettes contractées par la société avec leurs patrimoines personnels.Les vicissitudes patrim

Per meglio cogliere gli albori della professione notarile e evidenziarne i tratti destinati a caratterizzarla sino ai nostri giorni, è opportuno far riferimento al notariato bolognese.Le ragioni di questa scelta vanno ricercate non tanto nell'intensità degli interessi coinvolti nell’attività dei notai bolognesi - aspetto che vedrebbe prevalere città quali Genova, Venezia, Milano o Piacenza - quanto nel fatto che a partire dal XI secolo i notai a Bologna si trovarono ad operare in una situazi

It is extremely simple to set up an informal partnership:- the contract needs not be of any special type, except where special types of assets are involved (and except for evidentiary limitations);- all that is needed to set up an informal partnership is the mutual engagement by the partners to jointly carry out a non-commercial profit-making activity;- informal partnerships must be entered into the register of companies. Such registration takes place in a special section and does not imply

La constitution de la société simple suit des règles et des critères d’une extrême simplicité:- aucune forme particulière de contrat n’est imposée sauf pour ce qu’exige la nature des biens apportés (et sauf les restrictions probatoires);- pour qu’une société simple existe, il suffit d’un engagement réciproque des associés à exercer ensemble une activité économique lucrative non commerciale;- la société simple doit être inscrite au registre des entreprises. L’inscription se fait dans une section

Throughout the life of the company the partners may modify the partnership contract but this requires a unanimous vote, unless otherwise agreed and except for the case in which the company were to be turned into a  stock company, for mergers and spin offs, in which cases (unless otherwise decided in the shareholders’ agreement on which you should be advised by your notary) a simple majority is required by law.  The majority is established on the basis of the share of profits attributed to ea

Parties wishing to set up a company must enter into a contract: company agreement (Memorandum of Association) under which two or more persons transfer assets or services for doing business jointly with the aim of sharing the ensuing profits.The legal system also envisages the establishment of a business entity by a single person through a unilateral deed: for instance a stock company with a single shareholder, a one-man limited responsibility company, or a spin-off decided by the shareholder

The relationship between a partner and the company ends automatically when the partner dies. Within six months from his death, the surviving partners have the duty of returning the share held by the dead partner to his heirs. The surviving partners are not obliged to accept that the heirs of the deceased member should succeed him by taking his place in the company.The surviving partners have two options they can choose from. They may either decide:- to wind up the company in advance;- to car