Risultati ricerca

Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

Currency repatriation requirements were extended on 14 April to cover loans issued by Russian residents to foreign borrowers, reducing the opportunities for businesses to shift funds abroad through non-repayable loans.

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

INTERNATIONAL - ISRAEL: Tax authority launches new voluntary disclosure programme

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Distribution tax refunds to be financed by new 'exceptional' corporation tax

INTERNATIONAL - GERMANY: Restriction of loss relief declared unconstitutional

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

Notaries have as their essential mission to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients in various areas of law

Les actes notariés peuvent être des actes publics ou des actes sous seing privé authentifiés. L’acte public doit être rédigé par le notaire, alors que l’acte sous seing privé peut également être rédigé par d’autres (en fait, par quiconque). Le code de déontologie notariale établit que, même lorsque le notaire est appelé à authentifier un acte sous seing privé rédigé par d’autres (soit par les parties soit par des professionnels ou d’autres personnes de confiance), il doit s’assurer que ce

The notarial profession has always been, and continues to be, one that is more than ready to adopt new technology. It is sufficient to recall that from the 1960s on, any and all notaries' offices moved rapidly from traditional typewriters and duplicators to the most sophisticated photocopiers and PCs with large-capacity memories. The reason for notaries' particular attention to technological developments of this kind is evident. For over 2000 years the notary's job has been to create and con

Depuis toujours, le notariat est une catégorie prête à adopter de nouvelles technologies. Il suffit de penser qu’à partir des années soixante presque toutes les études de notaire sont passées, avec une étonnante rapidité, des traditionnelles machines à écrire et à polycopier aux photocopieuses les plus sophistiquées et aux ordinateurs dotés d’une mémoire prodigieuse. La raison de cette attention particulière du notariat pour le développement technologique dans ce secteur est évidente. Depuis

L’acte notarié doit être clair et complet, de manière que les parties puissent en comprendre le contenu et les effets juridiques. Par conséquent, dans la rédaction des actes notariés il faut éviter les termes (mots) et clauses de style ne correspondant pas à une réelle volonté des parties ou n’ayant pas un sens juridique précis. En outre, en choisissant les termes à employer, il faut autant que possible donner la préférence, quand bien même en respectant la précision du langage juridique,

Comme nous avons abordé des sujets qui intéressent aussi l’optique du vendeur, il est opportun de ce point de vue de rappeler que la taxe INVIM si onéreuse (une taxe imposée à l’origine au vendeur à la suite de la cession d’un bien immobilier) a été abolie définitivement, un énorme double soulagement pour le notaire aussi, non seulement à cause de la complexité de son calcul, mais aussi (comme toujours) à cause du rôle si lourd de percepteur que la loi lui imposait. Ceci n’empêche q

As from 1 January 2006, it has been possible to meet the taxation requirements on some real estate transfers at the land registry's valuation, regardless of the price agreed and shown in the contract. The rule that first introduced the price-value concept was Article 1, Paragraph 497 of Law no. 266 of 23 December 2005 (2006 Budget); there were two subsequent amendments: Article 35, Paragraph 21 of Legislative Decree no. 223 of 4 July 2006, converted with modifications into Law no. 248 of

The rules governing this matter are extremely complex and may be schematically simplified by looking at a subjective profile and an objective profile. As regards the former, there are two main types of tax linked to real estate conveyances: stamp duty (imposta di registro) (and the related mortgage and cadastral taxes) and VAT. Whether one tax or the other is applied depends mainly but not exclusively on the nature of the vendor. Stamp duty is applicable in all cases where the vendo

Legalization is indispensable for a foreign public document to be valid in Italy. It consists only of the official certification - by the competent Italian consular or diplomatic authority abroad – of the legal status of the public official (or functionary) who has signed the document and the authenticity of his signature. If the document is issued by a foreign authority in Italy, it must be legalized by the Prefect in the district in which the foreign authority is located (except for the

La légalisation est une condition fondamentale pour qu’un acte étranger puisse produire ses effets juridiques en Italie. Il consiste uniquement dans l’attestation officielle – exprimée par l’autorité consulaire ou diplomatique italienne à l’étranger compétente – de la qualification juridique de l’officier public qui a signé l’acte, et de l’authenticité de sa signature. Si l’acte est émis par une autorité étrangère en Italie, il devra être légalisé par le préfet dans la circonscription duq

Italian law attempts to facilitate and encourage people to buy their own primary home (their so-called “primary residence” ["prima casa"]) through various reductions in taxes for the purchaser. Specifically, at the time of purchase, the purchaser pays 3% (stamp duty) if he buys from a private person or 4% (VAT) if he buys from a company (except for a few odd cases), plus a fixed charge for registering the transfer and mortgage (presently a total of Euro 336.00).A foreigner, too, may take advanta

A company has a life of its own which is independent from that of its partners: it will go on living even after its partners die or it can be dissolved and wound up even if its partners are alive.All companies have a legal status and as such they have assets that are distinct from those of the partners that constitute the company. They have a name, a registered office and, hence are legal entities that are quite distinct from the individuals making up the company.They are non-personified col

Foreign documents are those issued abroad by a foreign authority, even if they are in the Italian language, which in order to be used in Italy require legalization or an apostille.In this sense, a document prepared by an Italian consulate or ambassador abroad is not “foreign”, even if the parties are foreign. If it is written in a foreign language, the foreign document must also be accompanied by its “translation”.More precisely, the obligation to legalize a foreign document is currently stipula

This is a simplified – but absolutely rigid - form of legalization (in the sense that it must have  exactly all the formal characteristics stipulated in the sample attached to the Hague Convention of 5/10/1961 which governs it). It is valid in all the countries that have signed the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 and replaces legalization amongst those countries alone.Like legalization, an apostille may be indispensable for a foreign public document to be valid in Italy.Like legalization, an

Il s’agit d’une forme simplifiée – mais absolument rigide – de légalisation (dans le sens qu’elle doit correspondre exactement au modèle déposé en annexe à la Convention de La Haye du 5/10/1961 qui la prévoit). Elle est en vigueur entre les pays qui ont adhéré à la Convention de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 et remplace la légalisation entre ces pays seulement. Tout comme la légalisation, l’apostille aussi est indispensable pour qu’un acte étranger puisse produire des effets en Italie. Com

If the parties wish to join forces by setting up a partnership, they can do this also by setting up a limited partnership (hereafter referred to as an s.a.s.).In general, the s.a.s. is governed by rules that govern the general partnership (for which in turn, reference is made to the rules laid down for informal partnerships), except for the specific provisions which will be examined below.Such a partnership is characterised by the presence of two categories of partners:- unlimited partners,

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

The board of statutory auditors is the audit body of the joint-stock companies that adopt the traditional system:  it has the task of monitoring the company’s compliance with the law and the Memorandum of Association and has a supervisory function with regard to the actions of management. The Board of Auditors only exceptionally exercise accountancy control  and they do so only in closed companies, that is, companies which do not have recourse to the venture capital market, and only if envis

Le collège d’audit est l’organe de contrôle des sociétés par actions qui adoptent le système traditionnel: son mandat consiste à contrôler l’administration de la société et à veiller au respect de la loi et de l’acte constitutif.De nos jours, le contrôle purement comptable n’est plus qu’exceptionnellement assuré par le collège d’audit: seul dans les sociétés fermées, c.à.d. celles qui ne font pas appel au marché du capital-risque, si elles ne sont pas tenues à rédiger un bilan consolidé, et uniq

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

Au début de 2003 le législateur italien a promulgué un décret législatif (n° 6 du 17 janvier 2003) qui a apporté des réformes profondes au système des sociétés de capitaux. L’objectif déclaré était la simplification, là où cela était opportun, et l’enrichissement, là où c’était possible, de la réglementation intéressant ces organismes pour les rendre plus compétitifs sur les marchés nationaux et internationaux. Nombreux ont été les changements, et ils ont eu comme résultat une meilleure

Limited partners are excluded, in principle, from managing the company.However, they may negotiate or conclude individual deals on behalf of the company, providing they have received a specific proxy or authorisation empowering them to do so.Each limited partner is responsible for social security liabilities in a degree that is proportionate to the contribution they made to the company. Accordingly he/she does not assume any other risks, except that of losing the value of the capital he/she

The functioning of the company with share capital, in its traditional model, is based on the necessary simultaneous presence of three bodies:  the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors and the board of statutory auditors, each of which has its own distinct sphere of competence. Accounts are audited by an auditor or by an audit firm, except for closed companies where this is decided in the By-laws.The shareholders’ meeting, which is a sovereign body since it is empowered to decide on

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

In general partnerships too it may happen that, in the course of the company’s existence, the partners may wish to amend the partnership deed.Unless otherwise agreed, such changes must be adopted unanimously (except for when the company is turned into a company with share capital, or when mergers or demergers are carried out),  and must be written in a public deed or in an authenticated private contract, just like the partnership deed, since the law prescribes that also these amendments must

Consortiums are formed between entrepreneurs who decide to set up a common enterprise for regulating and carrying different phases of their respective businesses. The consortiums too are of a mutual character, since the consortium’s activity is carried out in the interest of its member enterprises. “Regulating” given steps of the members’ enterprises is a typical function of internal consortiums, and may be non-competitive in nature, while the “carrying out” of given steps in the respecti

Once upon a time it was enough to say that a foreigner was someone who was not an Italian citizen. This definition – to be clear – is still valid. Except that Article 17 of the EC Treaty institutes a citizenship of the European Union which is attributed to anyone who is a citizen of a Member State. Belonging to the European Union brings with it various consequences, some of which are very important, like the prohibition on

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Les sociétés coopératives sont des organismes protégés par la Constitution: l’article 45 de la Constitution dit en effet que "la constitution reconnaît la fonction sociale de la coopération à caractère mutualiste et sans but de spéculation privée".Dans les coopératives c’est la fonction sociale qui joue un rôle prédominant, puisqu’elle veut réaliser une décentralisation démocratique du pouvoir d’organisation et de gestion de la production et, par la même occasion, une diffusion majeure et plus é

Informal partnerships are the most elementary form of enterprise.The fundamental characteristic of an informal partnership is that the scope of its activities is limited to non-commercial profit-making economic activities.The scope of an informal partnership may therefore include:- agricultural activities, with certain limitations because:   the purpose of the enterprise cannot be merely that of using assets, but must consist in the joint operation of a business activity;  taci

La société simple représente la forme la plus élémentaire de société.Ce qui caractérise fondamentalement la société simple est le fait qu’elle peut avoir pour objet exclusivement l’exercice d’activités économiques lucratives non commerciales.Le domaine d’activité des sociétés simples peut par conséquent porter sur l’exercice:- d’activités agricoles, avec quelques restrictions, dans le sens que:la société ne peut pas avoir comme objet la simple jouissance des biens, mais l’exercice commun et conc

Let us take the case in which the Parties decide to undertake an entrepreneurial activity by setting up  a partnership.What would the general characteristics of such a company be?First of all, as regards the unlimited and joint liability of the partners:- in the case of a general partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability;- in the case of an informal partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability, but there can be an agreement whereby the partners who

The management of a company is the activity of running the corporate enterprise. The power of management is the power of carrying out any activity that falls within the scope of the corporate purpose.When the management of the company falls on more than one partner (all or some), and the partnership contract makes no provision on how the power of management is to be exercised, then the notion of  separate management shall apply:  each partner is a director, that is, he has the power of manag

In  share capital companies the financial autonomy is perfect in that the shareholders are accountable for the debts of the company only in proportion to the share they hold.This means:- that the personal creditors of a shareholder can never receive payment from the company;- that creditors of the company, in turn, can never expect the members to use their personal assets to pay for the company’s debts.The financial circumstances of the shareholder of a company with share capital will never

Dans les sociétés de capitaux se réalise une autonomie patrimoniale parfaite, dans le sens que les associés répondent des dettes sociales uniquement à concurrence de la quote-part apportée.Ceci comporte:- que les créanciers personnels de l’associé ne peuvent pas être désintéressés sur les biens de la société;- que les créanciers sociaux pour leur part ne peuvent pas prétendre que les associés couvrent les dettes contractées par la société avec leurs patrimoines personnels.Les vicissitudes patrim

In setting up a company, it is desirable to be assisted by a notary who will help you choose the form of company that, from the organizational standpoint, is best suited to achieving the corporate purpose.From the organizational point of view, companies can be distinguished into the following types:a. PartnershipsThese include:- informal partnerships;- general partnerships;- limited partnerships. b. Companies limited by shares These comprise:- joint-stoc

It is extremely simple to set up an informal partnership:- the contract needs not be of any special type, except where special types of assets are involved (and except for evidentiary limitations);- all that is needed to set up an informal partnership is the mutual engagement by the partners to jointly carry out a non-commercial profit-making activity;- informal partnerships must be entered into the register of companies. Such registration takes place in a special section and does not imply

Throughout the life of the company the partners may modify the partnership contract but this requires a unanimous vote, unless otherwise agreed and except for the case in which the company were to be turned into a  stock company, for mergers and spin offs, in which cases (unless otherwise decided in the shareholders’ agreement on which you should be advised by your notary) a simple majority is required by law.  The majority is established on the basis of the share of profits attributed to ea

Pendant la durée de vie de la société les associés ont la possibilité de modifier le contrat de société mais, sauf convention contraire, le consentement de tous est nécessaire, à l’exception de la transformation en société de capitaux, des fusions et des scissions pour lesquelles, toujours si les pactes d’associés ne contiennent pas de dispositions contraires, sur l’insertion desquelles votre notaire pourra vous conseiller, la loi exige l’accord de la majorité des associés seulement, calculée su

Individuals who set up a company do so because they want to carry out a given economic activity together with other individuals.  This activity is the corporate purpose and must be indicated in the Memorandum of Association.  It may be changed during the life-time of the company only in accordance with the amendment rules envisaged in the Memorandum of Association.The activity must be a productive activity, i.e. a business aimed at producing or trading goods or providing services, while it c

Celui qui crée une société est poussé par l’objectif (dit  objectif/moyen) d’exercer en commun avec d’autres sujets une activité économique donnée. Cette activité constitue l’objet social et doit être précisée dans l’acte constitutif. Il ne peut être modifié au cours de la vie de la société que dans le respect des normes qui réglementent les modifications de l’acte de constitution.Il faut qu’il s’agisse d’une activité productive, en d’autres mots d’une activité qui a un contenu patrimonial, réal