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Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

The Privy Council has handed down judgment in Investec Trust (Guernsey) v Glenalla Properties (2018 UKPC 7), in which the former trustees of the Tchenguiz Discretionary Trust had made loans of over GBP200 million to various BVI companies.

INTERNATIONAL - UK - Nearly 100,000 properties in England and Wales owned by foreign entities

NETHERLANDS: Measures against 'letterbox companies' seek to improve country's reputation

INTERNATIONAL - AUSTRALIA: Consequences of using foreign trusts for capital gains

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Legislation this summer on register of foreign property-owners

WEALTH MANAGEMENT - JERSEY: Success for plaintiffs in USD200 million Crociani case

INTERNATIONAL - GERMANY: Restriction of loss relief declared unconstitutional

INTERNATIONAL - EU: Court of Justice rules on dynamic IP addresses

INTERNATIONAL - Canadian notary must reimburse buyer stuck with non-resident seller's CGT bill

L'imposta di successione

A sale or purchase proposal is a document the parties may sign before the conveyance proper. It consists, alternatively, of a manifestation of the owner's willingness to sell to a probable purchaser or a manifestation of a possible purchaser's willingness to buy from the owner: in both cases by acceptance of the proposal, believe it or not, the contract of sale is concluded and becomes binding for both parties. Furthermore, the purchase or sale proposal is usually irrevocable: the signato

It often happens that, after a prospective property has been inspected and chosen, substantial agreement is reached with the other party even if this is not yet formalized in written form. It is advisable to contact a notary at this early stage before signing the preliminary contract (the so-called “compromesso”). In the preliminary contract, both signatories undertake to stipulate the definitive sale contract by a certain date and on given conditions. The preliminary agreement (even i

For many years now, in Italy and throughout the world,  the associative phenomenon has encountered ever greater consideration, in addition to a growing enthusiasm. The explanation of this progressive attention may be found in the ever more widespread awareness that the ideas, dreams and projects that each individual nourishes in the course of his/her existence may be concretely expressed, not only through acting in isolation, also by following a path which leads a number of persons to join f

L’imposta di successione ha avuto una storia travagliata: essa è stata disciplinata, a far tempo dal 1° gennaio 1991, dal testo unico di cui al decreto legislativo 346/1990. Con l’articolo 13 della legge 383/2001, in vigore dal 25 ottobre 2001, l’imposta in questione venne soppressa, ma poi, con il decreto legge 262/2006 (entrato in vigore il 3 ottobre 2006), venne reintrodotta nel nostro ordinamento la tassazione delle successioni a causa di morte così come era disciplinata, tranne che

L’atto istitutivo del trust è tassato con la sola imposta fissa di registro, pari a 168 euro. Invece, secondo l’Amministrazione Finanziaria (circolare n. 48/E del 6 agosto 2007) è soggetto a tassazione, con le regole proprie della imposta di donazione, l’atto con il quale il trust viene dotato di patrimonio, mentre non è soggetta ad alcun prelievo (perché assorbita nella predetta tassazione "iniziale") l’attribuzione dei beni che il trustee effettui a favore dei beneficiari del trust. Questa tas

FAMIGLIA - Amministratore di sostegno

Sono esenti da Ici (art. 7 D. Lgs. 504/1992):a) i fabbricati posseduti dallo Stato, dalle Regioni, dalle Province, dai Comuni, dalle Comunità montane, dai consorzi fra i detti enti (o fra enti territoriali ed altri enti individualmente esenti), dalle unità sanitarie locali, dalle istituzioni sanitarie pubbliche autonome di cui all'art. 41 della L. 833/78, dalle camere di commercio, industria, artigianato ed agricoltura, destinati esclusivamente ai compiti istituzionali;b) i fabbricati classi

Le spese per le quali è ammessa la detrazione devono essere sostenute nel periodo 1998 - 2010 per una serie di interventi effettuati in relazione a edifici situati in Italia, censiti al Catasto o di cui sia stato richiesto l'accatastamento e di cui risulti pagata l'Ici per gli anni a decorrere dal 1997 (se dovuta).Gli interventi ammessi sono i seguenti: a) realizzazione di qualsiasi intervento di recupero, esclusa la ristrutturazione urbanistica, effettuati sulle parti comuni di edifici cond

Notaries provide the community with a complex service, they carry out a public function of the State within the framework of an independent profession. The notarial deed not only regulates transactions between parties, but it provides added value in at least three respects: - a contract signed before a notary is unchallengable and hence it avoids expensive and time-consuming litigation procedures; - it is enforceable and hence it can be used to recover credits and it constitutes pri

Since 12 September 2002, the Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato has been registered in the public list of certifiers of digital signatures held by AIPA, as the certification authority for Italian notaries. The digital signatures of Italian notaries may be verified on the site http://ca.notariato.it. Based on the rules and the certification authority's operations manual, CNN certifies notaries' digital signatures in the exercise of their functions and so guarantees to third parties not only

The vendor has the right to receive the full amount of the agreed price from the purchaser at the time the sale contract is settled. Frequently the vendor has already received an advance payment on that price, generally as a deposit: in that case he will have the right to receive the difference to make up the full agreed price. The vendor has the option to allow the purchaser a deferral of payment, with or without interest. It is up to the discretion of the vendor (based on the trust h

The rules governing this matter are extremely complex and may be schematically simplified by looking at a subjective profile and an objective profile. As regards the former, there are two main types of tax linked to real estate conveyances: stamp duty (imposta di registro) (and the related mortgage and cadastral taxes) and VAT. Whether one tax or the other is applied depends mainly but not exclusively on the nature of the vendor. Stamp duty is applicable in all cases where the vendo

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

Legalization is indispensable for a foreign public document to be valid in Italy. It consists only of the official certification - by the competent Italian consular or diplomatic authority abroad – of the legal status of the public official (or functionary) who has signed the document and the authenticity of his signature. If the document is issued by a foreign authority in Italy, it must be legalized by the Prefect in the district in which the foreign authority is located (except for the

Home loans are generally guaranteed by a mortgage and so are the preserve, in our legal system, of the notary. The presence of the notarial profession has become more significant with the recent increase in the number of such contracts, a result of the lower cost of money (though this is still subject to fluctuations) and improvements in living standards that allow an ever greater number of citizens to aspire to the ownership of their home and often of a second home as well. Year after ye

The system makes available two dedicated e-mail domains: one handling each notary's personal e-mail, the other handling mail generated by profession-wide mailing lists.

As may be observed above, the role of the notary is important in guaranteeing the statements the vendor usually makes at the time the sale takes place. In particular, the vendor is obliged to make known how the asset he is about to sell came into his hands. It may be that he purchased it for a consideration in the normal way, or that he has occupied it for a sufficient number of years to avert any danger of eviction. It may be, however, that the property was donated to the vendor or

The Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (C.N.N.) is the professional order of notaries. It is made up of 20 notaries directly elected by all practising notaries in three-yearly elections. There is a limit of two consecutive mandates. The three members of the Audit Committee are elected according to the same procedure.The 20 elected councillors, after they are installed in office, nominate a President, a Vice President, a Secretary and an Executive Committee. The tasks of the Consiglio Na

It is important to understand what the types of buildings are to which the duties and guarantees examined below apply.  Under this law “buildings to be built” are those for which the building permit or other authorization to build was applied for after the entry into force of the law (21 July 2005), and which are not yet finished, and hence “the fit for use” (agibilità) statement has not been issued (article 1, paragraph 1, letter d). This means that on the one hand the law does not apply to

As has been seen above, in order to determine the type of tax and the amount and means of payment of the sums due for duties on the purchase of a so-called primary residence, one must first of all take into account the nature of the vendor. When the vendor is the company that built (or renovated) the property and four years have not elapsed since completion, the conveyance is subject to VAT that the purchaser must pay directly to the company and not to the notary, along with the payment o

In the first place, the vendor is obliged to consign to the purchaser the property sold in the state in which it is with vacant possession, free of persons and things, at the time the contract of sale is notarised, i.e. at the same time as the balance of the price is paid. The vendor has the option, however, of allowing the future purchaser to occupy the property even before the actual change of ownership, it being understood that because he is still the owner of the asset he remains resp

L’amministrazione di sostegno è uno strumento nuovo e versatile, inserito nel codice civile con la legge 9 gennaio 2004, n. 6, che si affianca all’interdizione ed all’inabilitazione. La denominazione dell’istituto potrebbe trarre in inganno, facendo pensare che questo strumento si esaurisca nella nomina di un soggetto con funzioni non molto diverse da un assistente volontario o comunque da qualcuno che “sostenga” un soggetto affetto da qualche forma di handicap fisico o psichico

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Il trust ha una estesa possibilità di applicazione: può servire per suddividere reddito e patrimonio fra i discendenti, mantenere un patrimonio familiare unito nel tempo, proteggere figli minori in caso di divorzio, garantire creditori, gestire patti di sindacato, investire congiuntamente in una società, sostenere figlie che si sposano, assistere soggetti handicappati, controllare un gruppo industriale, rendere possibile la vendita di cespiti gravati da pesi, incassare crediti e ripartire il

Solo dall’inizio degli anni ’90, prima assi timidamente, poi in modo sempre più effettivo, il trust ha fatto la sua “comparsa” nel nostro ordinamento. In precedenza il trust era considerato come una “stranezza” inglese o americana, a noi per lo più incomprensibile e comunque estranea; da quando la ratifica italiana della Convenzione dell’Aja l’ha alfine sdoganato, una parte di coloro che vi si sono avvicinati è stata attirata, se non da un fenomeno “alla moda”, dal miraggio di poterne fare u

Dal punto di vista dell’applicazione dell’imposta di successione, la presenza di beni immobili nell’asse ereditario concorre alla formazione della base imponibile cui applicare le aliquote di imposta (il 4, il 6 o l’8 per cento a seconda dei casi), sempre che il valore della base imponibile stessa ecceda le franchigie, disposte in euro 1milione 500mila (se il beneficiario sia portatore di grave handicap), in euro 1milione (se il beneficiario sia coniuge o parente in linea retta del defunto) o in

La donazione è il contratto con il quale un soggetto (detto “donante”) trasferisce un proprio diritto (ad esempio: la proprietà di un immobile o di una somma di denaro) ad un altro soggetto (detto “donatario”) o assume verso quest’ultimo una obbligazione (ad esempio: l’obbligo di corrispondergli una rendita vitalizia) per spirito di liberalità, senza cioè ricevere una controprestazione e quindi con l’effetto di incrementare l’entità della  sfera giuridica del donatario a detrimento della sf

Le agevolazioni “prima casa” si applicano, oltre che ai trasferimenti a titolo oneroso (come compravendite, permute, eccetera), anche ai trasferimenti a titolo gratuito, e cioè per successione ereditaria e per donazione. La “prima casa” in sede di successione mortis causa. Dopo l’avvenuta abolizione dell’imposta di successione, il trasferimento immobiliare che avviene per effetto di una trasmissione ereditaria sconta normalmente solo l’imposta ipotecaria (nella misura del 2 per cento) e l’im

La varietà delle applicazioni è infinita e si può cogliere prendendo in esame i casi di cui si è finora occupata la magistratura: * omologazione di prestito obbligazionario di Spa garantito da immobili in trust (Tribunale di Milano, 27 dicembre 1996); * omologazione di Srl unipersonale costituita da trustee di trust istituito da italiani in Italia (Tribunale di Genova, 24 marzo 1997); * non è nullo il trust testamentario lesivo della quota di legittima (Tribunale di Lucca, 23 settembre 1997)

I trust dei quali si ha notizia (non esiste per essi alcuna forma di registrazione) possono essere divisi in due grandi categorie: quelli di interesse familiare e quelli di interesse imprenditoriale o finanziario, con una netta prevalenza numerica dei primi. Tra i primi vanno compresi quelli destinati ad assistere soggetti deboli e quelli che preordinano una successione ereditaria, forse i più frequenti. Tra i secondi, la tipologia sembra più varia: garanzia di un prestito obbligazionario, i

Sotto il profilo tributario, le donazioni sono state quasi completamente detassate dalla legge n. 383/2001 (c.d. legge dei "100 giorni"). Infatti, qualsiasi bene venga donato e qualunque sia il suo valore, se il contratto interviene tra coniugi, tra parenti in linea retta o parenti in linea collaterale entro il quarto grado, nessuna imposta vi è più da pagare, a meno che si tratti di donazione immobiliare.In tale caso occorre sostenere il pagamento delle seguenti imposte:- imposta ipot

In  share capital companies the financial autonomy is perfect in that the shareholders are accountable for the debts of the company only in proportion to the share they hold.This means:- that the personal creditors of a shareholder can never receive payment from the company;- that creditors of the company, in turn, can never expect the members to use their personal assets to pay for the company’s debts.The financial circumstances of the shareholder of a company with share capital will never