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ESTATE DISPUTES: Some important judgments from last month

The Privy Council has handed down judgment in Investec Trust (Guernsey) v Glenalla Properties (2018 UKPC 7), in which the former trustees of the Tchenguiz Discretionary Trust had made loans of over GBP200 million to various BVI companies.

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

After long years of waiting, the decree-law that introduces greater protection for the purchasers of houses that are in the process of being built has finally been published in the Official Gazette (6 July 2005, n° 155).  The measures introduced under this new law will have a major impact: indeed, according to estimates made by trade associations, since 1995 more than 200,000 Italian families have been involved in thousands of bankruptcies of construction firms. Decree Law n° 122 of 20 Ju

Any change, even only a purely formal change, in the clauses of the by-laws of a company is considered to be an amendment to the by-laws.  As a rule this competence belongs to the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting and the relevant decision must be written in the minutes by a notary public and then registered with the Register of Companies.The decision must be taken by a majority vote, any clause in the bylaws setting forth that unanimity is required to change the Memorandum of Association

Sont considérés des changements des statuts d’une société par actions l’introduction, les modifications ou la suppression, même purement formelle, de clauses contenues dans ces statuts. En règle générale c’est l’assemblée extraordinaire qui en est chargée, et le procès-verbal des délibérations respectives doit être rédigé par un notaire et ensuite inscrit auprès du registre des entreprises compétent.La jurisprudence estime généralement qu’il n’est pas admis de déroger à la règle majoritaire, et

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

With the provisions that entered into force as of 1 January 2004, the dissolution of companies with share capital is governed by new rules.A company may be dissolved because: its term of duration has expired,  the corporate aims have been achieved or circumstances have set in that make it impossible to achieve them, the shareholders’ meeting cannot or will not function, the share capital has dropped to values below the minimum legal requirements (but the company may decide to reconstitute th

La loi en vigueur depuis le premier janvier 2004 a mis en place une nouvelle réglementation de la dissolution de la société de capitaux.Les causes de la dissolution sont la survenance du terme prévu, la réalisation de l’objet social ou l’impossibilité constatée de le poursuivre, l’impossibilité de fonctionner ou l’inactivité continue de l’assemblée, la réduction du capital en dessous du seuil légal, à moins que la société ne décide de le reconstituer ou de se transformer en un autre type de soci

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

Au début de 2003 le législateur italien a promulgué un décret législatif (n° 6 du 17 janvier 2003) qui a apporté des réformes profondes au système des sociétés de capitaux. L’objectif déclaré était la simplification, là où cela était opportun, et l’enrichissement, là où c’était possible, de la réglementation intéressant ces organismes pour les rendre plus compétitifs sur les marchés nationaux et internationaux. Nombreux ont été les changements, et ils ont eu comme résultat une meilleure

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

Les lois qui réglementent la société en commandite simple sont de maints point de vue analogues à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples.  Nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.De plus, pour ce qui est des modifications subjectives à la suite du transfert de la part sociale, il faut distinguer entre les quote-parts des associés commandités et celles des commanditaires.Prenons le cas où un des associés commandités aurait l’intention de transférer sa part de participa

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

La société en commandite par actions est une société par actions modifiée dans laquelle le pouvoir de gestion appartient aux administrateurs permanents qui assument en contrepartie de leur position dominante une responsabilité illimitée, encore que subsidiaire, des dettes sociales. La réglementation particulière de ce type de sociétés se réduit à quelques normes qui traitent surtout de l'administration de la société par les commandités.Ce qui distingue ce type de société, c’est la coexistence de

On the basis of the provisions in force as of 1 January 2004, the administration of joint-stock companies may be organised according to three separate models:  the traditional model, the monistic model (of Anglo-Saxon origin) and the two-tier model (of German origin).In the traditional model, the directors have the task of running the company, and are accordingly provided with the power of being pro-active i.e. promoting the decision-making activity of the meeting (power of initiative), of i

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Duration is not an essential element for the establishment of partnerships. The parties may also expressly agree on indefinite duration.When a date of termination is envisaged, then on that date the company can be dissolved.The termination date may be modified or eliminated by the partners via:- express extension. In this case all the partners expressly decide on a new date of termination or on continuing the company’s life indefinitely;- tacit extension. If, after the date of termination th

The management of a company is the activity of running the corporate enterprise. The power of management is the power of carrying out any activity that falls within the scope of the corporate purpose.When the management of the company falls on more than one partner (all or some), and the partnership contract makes no provision on how the power of management is to be exercised, then the notion of  separate management shall apply:  each partner is a director, that is, he has the power of manag

L’administration de la société est l’activité de gestion de l’entreprise qui constitue la société. La faculté d’administrer est le pouvoir d'accomplir tous les actes inhérents à l’objet social.Quand l’administration de la société est assurée par plus d’un associé (tous ou plusieurs) et que le contrat de société ne précise pas les modalités d’exercice du pouvoir de gestion on est en présence d’une gestion divisée: chaque associé est administrateur, et a donc le pouvoir de gérer et pourra réaliser

Throughout the life of the company the partners may modify the partnership contract but this requires a unanimous vote, unless otherwise agreed and except for the case in which the company were to be turned into a  stock company, for mergers and spin offs, in which cases (unless otherwise decided in the shareholders’ agreement on which you should be advised by your notary) a simple majority is required by law.  The majority is established on the basis of the share of profits attributed to ea

Pendant la durée de vie de la société les associés ont la possibilité de modifier le contrat de société mais, sauf convention contraire, le consentement de tous est nécessaire, à l’exception de la transformation en société de capitaux, des fusions et des scissions pour lesquelles, toujours si les pactes d’associés ne contiennent pas de dispositions contraires, sur l’insertion desquelles votre notaire pourra vous conseiller, la loi exige l’accord de la majorité des associés seulement, calculée su