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INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

The following are examples of what needs to be included in a proposal for sale or purchase and in a preliminary contract: - the precise description of the asset or assets; - the exact identification of the owner or owners and of the purchaser or purchasers; - the obligations of the vendor and of the purchaser; - the price of the sale and method of payment; - the conditions of the conveyance and relevant guarantees; - documentation of the history of the asset or assets; -

Vous trouverez ici à titre d’exemple les points obligatoires à inclure dans une proposition de vente ou d’achat et dans un avant-contrat de mutation onéreuse: - la description précise du bien ou des biens;- l’identification exacte du propriétaire ou des propriétaires et de l’acquéreur ou des acquéreurs;- les obligations du vendeur et de l’acheteur;- le prix de la vente et les modalités de paiement;- les conditions de la transaction et les garanties qui l’accompagnent;- les documents indiq

Having broached subjects from the vendor's point of view as well, it is useful to recall that the burdensome INVIM (a tax originally levied on the vendor consequent upon his sale of a property) has been definitively abolished, to the great relief of the notary as well, given not only the complexity of calculating it but also (as always) the irksome role of tax collector that the law imposed on him. Nevertheless, it is helpful to emphasize that the vendor may still have to pay certain sums

Comme nous avons abordé des sujets qui intéressent aussi l’optique du vendeur, il est opportun de ce point de vue de rappeler que la taxe INVIM si onéreuse (une taxe imposée à l’origine au vendeur à la suite de la cession d’un bien immobilier) a été abolie définitivement, un énorme double soulagement pour le notaire aussi, non seulement à cause de la complexité de son calcul, mais aussi (comme toujours) à cause du rôle si lourd de percepteur que la loi lui imposait. Ceci n’empêche q

As from 1 January 2006, it has been possible to meet the taxation requirements on some real estate transfers at the land registry's valuation, regardless of the price agreed and shown in the contract. The rule that first introduced the price-value concept was Article 1, Paragraph 497 of Law no. 266 of 23 December 2005 (2006 Budget); there were two subsequent amendments: Article 35, Paragraph 21 of Legislative Decree no. 223 of 4 July 2006, converted with modifications into Law no. 248 of

A property conveyance gives rise to a series of rights and obligations for both parties. For a number of the rights of one of the contracting parties, there are corresponding and equal obligations of the other party, so that the vendor and the purchaser find themselves involved in an interactive web of expectations to be met and duties to be performed. While some of these rights/obligations, such as the payment/receipt of the purchase price and the delivery/receipt of the property, are

The new law that is discussed below, and in particular the duty to take out a surety bond, applies to all types of real estate negotiations and hence it applies to purchases, exchanges, divisions, allotments by cooperative companies …, also and in particular to all forms of agreement that are made before the purchase and actual delivery of the property, such as preliminary agreements, promises to sell, leasing contracts, unilateral promises, advance payments, …. (article 1, paragraph 1, lett

After long years of waiting, the decree-law that introduces greater protection for the purchasers of houses that are in the process of being built has finally been published in the Official Gazette (6 July 2005, n° 155).  The measures introduced under this new law will have a major impact: indeed, according to estimates made by trade associations, since 1995 more than 200,000 Italian families have been involved in thousands of bankruptcies of construction firms. Decree Law n° 122 of 20 Ju

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

It is important to understand what the types of buildings are to which the duties and guarantees examined below apply.  Under this law “buildings to be built” are those for which the building permit or other authorization to build was applied for after the entry into force of the law (21 July 2005), and which are not yet finished, and hence “the fit for use” (agibilità) statement has not been issued (article 1, paragraph 1, letter d). This means that on the one hand the law does not apply to

The Decree does not apply in general to all real estate transactions but only to those negotiations of buildings where the seller (called “builder”) sells a building that he or others have built (Article 1, paragraph 1, letter b). Hence the law applies not only to purchases from a builder (an individual or a firm), but also to the person or firm that sells a building built by a third party. According to the Decree a “purchaser” is an individual who purchases a building or who, even though

In general the rules for limited partnerships (s.a.s.) are the same as those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph). However, the death of a limited partner does not end the partnership because, as said above, in case of death, the partner’s shares are transferred to the heirs, unless otherwise provided for in the Memorandum of Association.

La société à responsabilité limitée est fondamentalement destinée à des entreprises à dimensions plus réduites par rapport à la société par actions, et la participation sociale peut maintenir un profil personnel qu’on ne retrouve généralement pas dans la s.p.a.. La société se compose en effet habituellement d’un nombre réduit d’associés qui ne sont pas personnellement responsables des dettes sociales, même s’ils ont agi au nom et pour le compte de la société.La législation en vigueur depuis le p

The rules applying to limited partnerships are in many ways similar to those that govern informal  partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).However in limited partnerships, only the unlimited partners can be directors and legal representatives of the company.

Les lois réglementant la société en commandite simple sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples. Nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.Dans la SCS, ne peuvent toutefois être associés administrateurs et représentants légaux que ceux qui sont des associés commandités.

With the provisions that entered into force as of 1 January 2004, the dissolution of companies with share capital is governed by new rules.A company may be dissolved because: its term of duration has expired,  the corporate aims have been achieved or circumstances have set in that make it impossible to achieve them, the shareholders’ meeting cannot or will not function, the share capital has dropped to values below the minimum legal requirements (but the company may decide to reconstitute th

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

Au début de 2003 le législateur italien a promulgué un décret législatif (n° 6 du 17 janvier 2003) qui a apporté des réformes profondes au système des sociétés de capitaux. L’objectif déclaré était la simplification, là où cela était opportun, et l’enrichissement, là où c’était possible, de la réglementation intéressant ces organismes pour les rendre plus compétitifs sur les marchés nationaux et internationaux. Nombreux ont été les changements, et ils ont eu comme résultat une meilleure

The Memorandum of Association must indicate the names of the unlimited partners. For all other aspects refer to the joint-stock company (please refer to the related paragraph).

L’acte constitutif doit indiquer les nom des associés commandités.Pour le reste, veuillez voir le paragraphe "Constitution" sur les sociétés par actions.

Les lois organisant la société en commandite simple sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples. Nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.Soulignons néanmoins que le décès de l’associé commanditaire n’entraîne pas la dissolution du rapport entre la société et l’associé, puisque cette part, comme nous l’avons dit, se transmet à cause de mort, à moins que des clauses particulières dans l’acte constitutif n’en disposent autrement.

In general, the winding up and liquidation of an s.a.s. is governed by the rules set forth for general partnerships, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).However, besides the causes of dissolution that are the same for an s.n.c., there is another cause that is exclusive of the s.a.s., namely when there is only one category of partners left.In fact, it is envisaged that the s.a.s. is to be dissolved when only limited partners or only unlimited partners remai

La dissolution et la liquidation de la SCS est en général réglementée par les normes édictées pour la société en nom collectif, auxquelles nous vous renvoyons.Cependant, outre les causes de dissolution partagées avec la s.n.c., il y en a une plus particulière, prévue exclusivement pour la SCS: la disparition d’une des catégories d’associés.Il est en effet prévu que la SCS est dissoute s’il ne restent plus que des associés commanditaires ou que des commandités, toujours à condition que dans les s

It has already been said that the unlimited partners are by right members of the management body of the company (directors or management board in the ordinary and in the two-tier system respectively).For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Nous avons déjà dit que tous les associés commandités sont de plein droit membres de l’organe d’administration de la société (respectivement administrateurs ou conseillers de gestion dans le modèle ordinaire ou dualiste).Pour le reste, veuillez voir le paragraphe "Administration et gestion de la société" sur les sociétés par actions.

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

Les lois qui réglementent la société en commandite simple sont de maints point de vue analogues à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples.  Nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.De plus, pour ce qui est des modifications subjectives à la suite du transfert de la part sociale, il faut distinguer entre les quote-parts des associés commandités et celles des commanditaires.Prenons le cas où un des associés commandités aurait l’intention de transférer sa part de participa

The rules governing general partnerships are similar in many respect to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

Les lois sur la société en nom collectif sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples; nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.

The dissolution and liquidation of an s.a.p.a. is governed in general by the rules put forth for companies with share capital and joint-stock companies, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).Besides the ordinary reasons for winding up a company with share capital, there is an additional reason which holds only for limited partnerships with share capital, i.e. the case in which all the unlimited partners step down from office and they are not replaced within

La dissolution et la liquidation de la SCA est en général réglementée par les normes établies pour la société par actions et de capitaux, auxquelles nous vous renvoyons (paragraphe "La dissolution de la société").Il y a cependant à côté des causes de dissolution communes aux sociétés de capitaux une autre cause prévue exclusivement pour la SCA: la cessation du mandat de tous les associés commandités si au bout de cent-quatre-vingts jours ils n’ont pas été remplacés.Pendant cette période, accordé

Special rules are laid down for the appointment and revocation of auditors and of the members of the supervisory board and, for the s.a.p.a. that are listed or subject to compulsory auditing, there are special rules for assigning or revoking the assignment to an audit firm.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Des normes particulières ont été imposées pour la nomination et la révocation des auditeurs ou des membres du conseil de surveillance, et, pour les SCA cotées ou assujetties à un contrôle comptable obligatoire, pour confier ou révoquer le mandat au cabinet d’auditeurs externes.Pour le reste, veuillez voir le paragraphe "Le collège d’audit et les autres organes de contrôle" sur les sociétés par actions.

In general partnerships too it may happen that, in the course of the company’s existence, the partners may wish to amend the partnership deed.Unless otherwise agreed, such changes must be adopted unanimously (except for when the company is turned into a company with share capital, or when mergers or demergers are carried out),  and must be written in a public deed or in an authenticated private contract, just like the partnership deed, since the law prescribes that also these amendments must

Dans la s.n.c. aussi, il peut arriver qu’au cours de l’existence de la société les associés souhaitent apporter des modifications à l’acte constitutif.S’il n’en a pas été convenu autrement, ces modifications devront être adoptées à l’unanimité (sauf pour les transformations en société de capitaux, les fusions et les scissions, voir ce qui a déjà été décrit pour la société simple à laquelle nous vous renvoyons) et, comme pour l’acte constitutif, elles devront faire l’objet d’un acte authentique o

The rules described for the s.n.c. also apply to the establishment of an s.a.s.The Memorandum of Association must comply with the same requirements, in form and content, as those laid down for the s.n.c.An additional requirement is that the unlimited partners and the limited partners be distinctly indicated.The Memorandum of Association of the s.a.s. are to be entered in the Register of Companies. If this is not done the partnership is irregular and the provisions that shall apply are less favou

The rules governing general partnerships are similar from many points of view to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph)

Les lois sur la société en nom collectif sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples; nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.

In particular, it is pointed out that there are different rules as compared with the s.p.a. for the adoption of certain decisions (amendments to the Memorandum of Association, revocation and replacement of directors, appointment and revocation of the members of the supervision board). Hence the need to seek the advice of a notary public.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Nous signalons plus particulièrement l’existence d’une réglementation différente par rapport à celle de la s.p.a. pour l'adoption de certaines décisions (modifications de l’acte constitutif, révocation et substitution des administrateurs, nomination et révocation du collège d’audit ou des membres du conseil de surveillance). Il est donc opportun de vous adresser au notaire.Pour le reste, veuillez voir le paragraphe  "L'assemblée des actionnaires" dossier sur les sociétés par actions.

Amendments to the Memorandum of Association must be approved not only by the extraordinary meeting but also by all the unlimited partners. The advice of the notary public may be useful in deciding on issues related to this mode of approval. For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Les modifications de l’acte constitutif doivent être approuvées non seulement par une assemblée extraordinaire, mais aussi par tous les associés commandités. Pour les problématiques touchant les modalités de cette approbation le notaire pourra vous conseiller utilement.Pour le reste, veuillez voir le paragraphe "Modifications des statuts et autres opérations au cours de l’existence de la société" sur les sociétés par actions.

Once upon a time it was enough to say that a foreigner was someone who was not an Italian citizen. This definition – to be clear – is still valid. Except that Article 17 of the EC Treaty institutes a citizenship of the European Union which is attributed to anyone who is a citizen of a Member State. Belonging to the European Union brings with it various consequences, some of which are very important, like the prohibition on

The rules governing general partnerships are in may respects similar to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

Les lois organisant la société en nom collectif sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples; nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.

The rules governing the general partnership are similar from many points of view to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

Les lois organisant la société en nom collectif sont analogues sous maints aspects à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples; nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.