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Currency repatriation requirements were extended on 14 April to cover loans issued by Russian residents to foreign borrowers, reducing the opportunities for businesses to shift funds abroad through non-repayable loans.

Trustees cannot simply brush aside beneficiaries' request for information

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

The italian Notary

SOCIETA' - Mini-bond per pmi

La loi prévoit à ce propos deux "attestations" différentes aux fins de la "certification de performance énergétique": - le certificat de qualification énergétique devant jouer le rôle d’instrument de contrôle consécutif du respect, au moment de la construction ou de la rénovation des bâtiments, des dispositions visant une amélioration des performances énergétiques (article 8, deuxième alinéa); - le certificat de performance énergétique, qui jouera un rôle d’instrument d’"information" d

La réglementation transitoire, qui trouvera application en attendant que la réglementation normative soit promulguée, est régie par l’article 11, alinéa 1-bis du décret législatif 192/2005, en vigueur depuis le 2 février 2007, après introduction par le décret législatif 311/2006; cette norme dit que, tant qu’on n’aura pas promulgué les normes réglementaires qui permettront de rédiger le certificat de performance énergétique des bâtiments, celui-ci sera remplacé à tous les effets (et donc aus

Le 8 octobre 2005, le décret législatif du 19 août 2005 n° 192 (modifié par la suite par le décret législatif du 29 décembre 2006 n° 311) transposant la directive communautaire 2002/91/CE sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments est entré en vigueur. Cette loi se propose de fixer les critères, les conditions et les modalités permettant d’améliorer les performances énergétiques des bâtiments afin de "limiter la consommation d’énergie". Un rôle prédominant revient dans le contexte de la

In civil law jurisdictions, the notary:1) is a lawyer;2) is also a "public officer" who performs public functions;3) is a specialized lawyer who draws "authentic deeds";4)  is a professional who is compelled to keep the original deeds in legal custody, as a public records office;5)  is  a multi-party counselor,  with  a specific, traditional "anti-trial" role.

A  "public officer" is a professional who performs "public functions". This means that he is vested by the State  with public authority and faith, which allows him to draw "authentic deeds"  (or "public deeds"). The “authentic deed” is the characteristic  "product" of the latin notary system. Even though  the notaries' discipline can show slight differences in  the different countries adopting the latin system, they all draw up authentic (public) deeds with the same legal meaning.

A property conveyance gives rise to a series of rights and obligations for both parties. For a number of the rights of one of the contracting parties, there are corresponding and equal obligations of the other party, so that the vendor and the purchaser find themselves involved in an interactive web of expectations to be met and duties to be performed. While some of these rights/obligations, such as the payment/receipt of the purchase price and the delivery/receipt of the property, are

In a property conveyance, right from what we have called the preparatory phase before the definitive contract, the notary plays a rather delicate and important role: determining whether in fact the vendor is free to sell the asset and whether the purchaser in his turn may legitimately acquire it. For example - to cite just a few of the more important aspects - the notary's tasks include certifying the personal identity of the parties (in other words that the vendor and hence the owner of

A home loan is a contract whereby one party, called the lender (usually a bank), transfers a given sum of money to a second party known as the borrower, so that the latter may use it for a given time in exchange for paying the former an amount representing interest. To this outline of the essential structure and functions of the contract must be added that a home loan includes various clauses that are not always immediately comprehensible but are necessary for regulating all the relations

Only legal security in business and private relationships allow for economic development; therefore a constitutional state must guarantee  legal security to its citizens. To this goal: 1) lawsuits  must be prevented, for as much as possible; 2) the citizens must have access  to public registers whose records are reliable and legally trustworthy. Clearly the reliability of the findings depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the deeds entered. An authentic deed, drawn by a

The functioning of the company with share capital, in its traditional model, is based on the necessary simultaneous presence of three bodies:  the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors and the board of statutory auditors, each of which has its own distinct sphere of competence. Accounts are audited by an auditor or by an audit firm, except for closed companies where this is decided in the By-laws.The shareholders’ meeting, which is a sovereign body since it is empowered to decide on

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

On the basis of the provisions in force as of 1 January 2004, the administration of joint-stock companies may be organised according to three separate models:  the traditional model, the monistic model (of Anglo-Saxon origin) and the two-tier model (of German origin).In the traditional model, the directors have the task of running the company, and are accordingly provided with the power of being pro-active i.e. promoting the decision-making activity of the meeting (power of initiative), of i