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INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

INTERNATIONAL - HONG KONG: Multiple property stamp duty gap axed

INTERNATIONAL - GERMANY: Restriction of loss relief declared unconstitutional

INTERNATIONAL - European Union: Taxation at source must take into account non-resident taxpayer's domestic costs

The following are examples of what needs to be included in a proposal for sale or purchase and in a preliminary contract: - the precise description of the asset or assets; - the exact identification of the owner or owners and of the purchaser or purchasers; - the obligations of the vendor and of the purchaser; - the price of the sale and method of payment; - the conditions of the conveyance and relevant guarantees; - documentation of the history of the asset or assets; -

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

Un des éléments essentiels de la négociation d’un contrat de prêt est l’échelonnement accordé pour la restitution du capital prêté, donc la durée. On peut dire en termes généraux qu’une durée plus longue de l’emprunt comporte une diminution relative du montant de chaque tranche d’amortissement, ce qui diminue la pression sur l’emprunteur; d’autre part, tout ceci comporte globalement le paiement d’un montant plus élevé en termes d’intérêts, précisément parce que le capital sera remboursé plus

If the parties wish to join forces by setting up a partnership, they can do this also by setting up a limited partnership (hereafter referred to as an s.a.s.).In general, the s.a.s. is governed by rules that govern the general partnership (for which in turn, reference is made to the rules laid down for informal partnerships), except for the specific provisions which will be examined below.Such a partnership is characterised by the presence of two categories of partners:- unlimited partners,

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

La société à responsabilité limitée est fondamentalement destinée à des entreprises à dimensions plus réduites par rapport à la société par actions, et la participation sociale peut maintenir un profil personnel qu’on ne retrouve généralement pas dans la s.p.a.. La société se compose en effet habituellement d’un nombre réduit d’associés qui ne sont pas personnellement responsables des dettes sociales, même s’ils ont agi au nom et pour le compte de la société.La législation en vigueur depuis le p

Limited partners are excluded, in principle, from managing the company.However, they may negotiate or conclude individual deals on behalf of the company, providing they have received a specific proxy or authorisation empowering them to do so.Each limited partner is responsible for social security liabilities in a degree that is proportionate to the contribution they made to the company. Accordingly he/she does not assume any other risks, except that of losing the value of the capital he/she

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Les sociétés coopératives sont des organismes protégés par la Constitution: l’article 45 de la Constitution dit en effet que "la constitution reconnaît la fonction sociale de la coopération à caractère mutualiste et sans but de spéculation privée".Dans les coopératives c’est la fonction sociale qui joue un rôle prédominant, puisqu’elle veut réaliser une décentralisation démocratique du pouvoir d’organisation et de gestion de la production et, par la même occasion, une diffusion majeure et plus é

Take the case in which the company has lost capital. What is the company allowed to do?In this connection the law envisages that, in case of losses, the company cannot distribute profits among the partners until the capital has been reduced or replenished by the corresponding amount.However, unlike what happens for companies with share capital, there is no obligation to reduce the capital whatever the amount of the losses incurred, even if the latter are such as to wipe out the  entire capit

Admettons par hypothèse qu’il y ait eu une perte de capital social, que faut-il faire?La seule obligation que la loi impose à ce propos est qu’en cas de pertes, la société ne peut pas distribuer les bénéfices aux associés tant que le capital n’a pas été réduit ou reconstitué dans la même  mesure.Néanmoins, contrairement aux sociétés de capitaux, il n’y a aucune obligation à réduire le capital, quel que soit le montant des pertes, même si elles sont telles qu’elles réduisent le capital à zéro.Il

In  share capital companies the financial autonomy is perfect in that the shareholders are accountable for the debts of the company only in proportion to the share they hold.This means:- that the personal creditors of a shareholder can never receive payment from the company;- that creditors of the company, in turn, can never expect the members to use their personal assets to pay for the company’s debts.The financial circumstances of the shareholder of a company with share capital will never

In order to do business often huge investments are required and often a single person may not have that amount of financial means. Doing business through a company enables several people to invest and work together so that each individual may then enjoy the benefits of the activity carried out proportionately to the amount of work done and to the quota of investments made.A participation (share or quota) of the capital of the company is assigned to the partner in return for the assets he has

L’exercice d’une activité économique exige souvent de gros investissements qui pourraient dépasser les possibilités financières d’une seule personne.L’exercice d’une activité économique sous forme de société permet à plusieurs personnes d’investir et de travailler ensemble :chacun pourra ainsi profiter des bénéfices de l’activité exercée en proportion de la part d’investissement apportée et de travail effectué.En contrepartie des biens apportés, on obtient une compensation, à savoir une particip