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Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

ESTATE DISPUTES: Some important judgments from last month

INTERNATIONAL - SPAIN: Foreign nationals can sue government over inheritance tax discrimination, following Supreme Court ruling

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

INTERNATIONAL - ISRAEL: Tax authority launches new voluntary disclosure programme

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Alarm over extension of property taxes to non-residents

EUROPE: Commission publishes argument against UK's CFC exemption

GERMANY: Expat businessman challenges exit tax for move to Switzerland

MUTUI - La Guida di Banca d'Italia al mutuo ipotecario in lingua inglese

INTERNATIONAL - UK, TRUSTS: online trusts register is delayed

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

INTERNATIONAL - EU: Court of Justice rules on dynamic IP addresses

AUSTRALIA: New tax on foreign owners of unoccupied homes

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

INTERNATIONAL - European Union: Taxation at source must take into account non-resident taxpayer's domestic costs

SOCIETA' - Corporate Governance

New Zealand to enact tighter foreign trust disclosure rules

INTERNATIONAL - Canadian notary must reimburse buyer stuck with non-resident seller's CGT bill

La Corte Costituzionale ha il compito di far rispettare il divieto di svolgere referendum abrogativi su leggi in materia di tributi e bilancio, amnistia e indulto, di autorizzazione alla ratifica dei trattati internazionali (art. 75 Cost.).

Le competenze della Corte Costituzionale (art. 134 Cost.) sono numerose. Essa giudica in particolare su: - le controversie relative alla legittimità costituzionale delle leggi e degli atti aventi forza di legge dello Stato e delle Regioni (Giudizio sulla costituzionalità delle leggi); - i conflitti costituzionali di attribuzione tra i poteri dello Stato, su quelli tra Stato e Regioni e tra Regioni (Giudizio sui conflitti di attribuzione o di competenza); - le accuse promosse contro il Presid

I poteri del Presidente della Repubblica sono numerosi e eterogenei (artt.87, 88 e 74 Cost.) e possono essere suddivisi in: a) poteri di garanzia• nei confronti delle Camere; • nei confronti del Governo; • nei confronti della Magistratura; • nei confronti dell’elettorato;b) poteri di rappresentanza nazionale; c) poteri di esternazione.Relativamente ai poteri di garanzia nei confronti delle Camere al Presidente spetta di: - sciogliere una o entrambe le Camere (art. 88 Cost.) per indire nuove

Le leggi costituzionali sono leggi di pari rango rispetto alla Costituzione e servono per modificarla (leggi di revisione costituzionale) o per integrarla (leggi costituzionali). Indipendentemente dal loro obiettivo le leggi costituzionali sono approvate dal Parlamento con il c.d. procedimento aggravato, un sistema di votazione che richiede maggioranze più ampie di quelle necessarie per l’approvazione delle leggi ordinarie e una doppia approvazione da parte di ciascuna delle due Camere che d

L’articolo 1 della Costituzione afferma che l’Italia è una Repubblica democratica e che la sovranità appartiene al popolo. La parola democrazia deriva dal greco demos e crato e vuol dire che il comando è in mano al popolo. Sono i cittadini che hanno la sovranità e che scelgono nelle forme (ad es. elezioni o referendum) e secondo le modalità previste i loro rappresentanti politici ovvero coloro che per un certo numero di anni governeranno il Paese. Vivere in uno Stato democratico è importante

Oltre al referendum costituzionale infatti la Costituzione prevede anche il referendum abrogativo (art. 75 Cost.) con il quale si può eliminare una legge attuando la cosiddetta “democrazia diretta”.L’art. 75 stabilisce i limiti al referendum abrogativo: non possono costituire oggetto di referendum abrogativo le leggi in materia di:- amnistia e indulto; - tributi; - bilancio dello Stato; - trattati internazionali. Il referendum abrogativo può essere richiesto da cinquecentomila elettori,

L’abrogazione si ha quando una legge viene sostituita in tutto o in parte da un'altra legge (o atto avente forza di legge) successiva che interviene a disciplinare la materia con disposizioni nuove. In base alla modalità con cui viene attuata, l'abrogazione può essere: - espressa, quando la legge successiva dichiara espressamente che quella precedente è abrogata; - tacita, quando la legge successiva interviene nella stessa materia con norme incompatibili rispetto a quelle contenute nella leg

The rate of interest is usually set in percentage terms; it may be fixed, which means it is the same for the whole duration of the loan, or variable, which means it is determined with reference to changing parameters that are set by objective, impartial criteria. For example, Euribor is an average quotation for variable rates calculated using objective criteria in the EU financial markets; while I.R.S. (interest instalments swap) is the financial reference parameter for establishing the cost

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

Home loans are generally guaranteed by a mortgage and so are the preserve, in our legal system, of the notary. The presence of the notarial profession has become more significant with the recent increase in the number of such contracts, a result of the lower cost of money (though this is still subject to fluctuations) and improvements in living standards that allow an ever greater number of citizens to aspire to the ownership of their home and often of a second home as well. Year after ye

When someone dies it is advisable to immediately obtain information on the transfer of the succession, that is, it has to be ascertained whether the succession – in the case in point – will be regulated by the law (since the deceased person has not left a will) or else, wholly or in part, by a will.Death is a grave and important event, on the basis of which different provisions of the law may take effect, besides the will of the deceased;  in order to avoid even important unforeseen consequences

If the parties wish to set up an general partnership, they must respect the specific rules laid down in this regard by the Civil Code, bearing in mind, in any case that, for many aspects, the law refers the reader to the provisions regulating informal partnerships, which consequently apply equally to general partnerships. So that, in the light the foregoing, the present file foresees multiple referrals to the subjects already dealt with and developed with regard to the informal partners

The “formal” lodging of a deed with a notary, whether required by law (Article 33 of Presidential Decree 445/2000; Article 106 of the Notary Law) or requested by an individual, is intended first of all to impose a control on the legitimacy of the document lodged (i.e. a check that its contents do not contravene mandatory legal rules) and also to ensure its conservation over time.Checks on the contents of foreign documents, however, must be made with reference to so-called international public or

In general the rules for limited partnerships (s.a.s.) are the same as those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph). However, the death of a limited partner does not end the partnership because, as said above, in case of death, the partner’s shares are transferred to the heirs, unless otherwise provided for in the Memorandum of Association.

If the parties wish to join forces by setting up a partnership, they can do this also by setting up a limited partnership (hereafter referred to as an s.a.s.).In general, the s.a.s. is governed by rules that govern the general partnership (for which in turn, reference is made to the rules laid down for informal partnerships), except for the specific provisions which will be examined below.Such a partnership is characterised by the presence of two categories of partners:- unlimited partners,

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

Dissolution of general partnerships is determined by the causes already mentioned and described with reference to informal partnership,  to which the reader is explicitly referred.However, other specific causes of dissolution of the s.n.c. are the latter’s bankruptcy, and a provision by a government authority laying down the compulsory administrative winding up of the partnership.

The rules applying to limited partnerships are in many ways similar to those that govern informal  partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).However in limited partnerships, only the unlimited partners can be directors and legal representatives of the company.

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

The Memorandum of Association must indicate the names of the unlimited partners. For all other aspects refer to the joint-stock company (please refer to the related paragraph).

In general, the winding up and liquidation of an s.a.s. is governed by the rules set forth for general partnerships, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).However, besides the causes of dissolution that are the same for an s.n.c., there is another cause that is exclusive of the s.a.s., namely when there is only one category of partners left.In fact, it is envisaged that the s.a.s. is to be dissolved when only limited partners or only unlimited partners remai

It has already been said that the unlimited partners are by right members of the management body of the company (directors or management board in the ordinary and in the two-tier system respectively).For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

The rules governing general partnerships are similar in many respect to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

The dissolution and liquidation of an s.a.p.a. is governed in general by the rules put forth for companies with share capital and joint-stock companies, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).Besides the ordinary reasons for winding up a company with share capital, there is an additional reason which holds only for limited partnerships with share capital, i.e. the case in which all the unlimited partners step down from office and they are not replaced within

Special rules are laid down for the appointment and revocation of auditors and of the members of the supervisory board and, for the s.a.p.a. that are listed or subject to compulsory auditing, there are special rules for assigning or revoking the assignment to an audit firm.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

The rules governing general partnerships are similar from many points of view to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph)

In particular, it is pointed out that there are different rules as compared with the s.p.a. for the adoption of certain decisions (amendments to the Memorandum of Association, revocation and replacement of directors, appointment and revocation of the members of the supervision board). Hence the need to seek the advice of a notary public.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Amendments to the Memorandum of Association must be approved not only by the extraordinary meeting but also by all the unlimited partners. The advice of the notary public may be useful in deciding on issues related to this mode of approval. For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

The rules governing general partnerships are in may respects similar to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

The rules governing the general partnership are similar from many points of view to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

In  share capital companies the financial autonomy is perfect in that the shareholders are accountable for the debts of the company only in proportion to the share they hold.This means:- that the personal creditors of a shareholder can never receive payment from the company;- that creditors of the company, in turn, can never expect the members to use their personal assets to pay for the company’s debts.The financial circumstances of the shareholder of a company with share capital will never