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ESTATE DISPUTES: Some important judgments from last month

Currency repatriation requirements were extended on 14 April to cover loans issued by Russian residents to foreign borrowers, reducing the opportunities for businesses to shift funds abroad through non-repayable loans.

Trustees cannot simply brush aside beneficiaries' request for information

INTERNATIONAL - AUSTRALIA: Consequences of using foreign trusts for capital gains

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Alarm over extension of property taxes to non-residents

IMPOSTA DI SUCCESSIONE E DONAZIONE - SPAIN: Andalusia increases inheritance tax exemption

WEALTH MANAGEMENT - JERSEY: Success for plaintiffs in USD200 million Crociani case

'Foundation company' vehicle established in Cayman Islands

INTERNATIONAL - The risk factors Guidelines

INTERNATIONAL - UK, TRUSTS: online trusts register is delayed

INTERNATIONAL - MATRIMONIAL: Russian woman reportedly claims GBP11.6 billion from ex-husband

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

INTERNATIONAL - UK TRUSTS: Law implementing registers of trusts in force on 26 June 2017

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

INTERNATIONAL - European Union: Taxation at source must take into account non-resident taxpayer's domestic costs

The italian Notary

The following are examples of what needs to be included in a proposal for sale or purchase and in a preliminary contract: - the precise description of the asset or assets; - the exact identification of the owner or owners and of the purchaser or purchasers; - the obligations of the vendor and of the purchaser; - the price of the sale and method of payment; - the conditions of the conveyance and relevant guarantees; - documentation of the history of the asset or assets; -

For many years now, in Italy and throughout the world,  the associative phenomenon has encountered ever greater consideration, in addition to a growing enthusiasm. The explanation of this progressive attention may be found in the ever more widespread awareness that the ideas, dreams and projects that each individual nourishes in the course of his/her existence may be concretely expressed, not only through acting in isolation, also by following a path which leads a number of persons to join f

Notaries provide the community with a complex service, they carry out a public function of the State within the framework of an independent profession. The notarial deed not only regulates transactions between parties, but it provides added value in at least three respects: - a contract signed before a notary is unchallengable and hence it avoids expensive and time-consuming litigation procedures; - it is enforceable and hence it can be used to recover credits and it constitutes pri

Le notaire fournit une prestation complexe dans l’exercice d’une fonction publique de l’État, qu’il pratique comme libre profession. L’acte authentique, loin de n’intéresser que la relation entre les parties, comporte une valeur ajoutée sous un triple aspect:- la sécurité du contrat, qui évite aux parties de longs et coûteux litiges en justice;- sa force exécutoire en termes de récupération des crédits et de preuve privilégiée dans les procès;- la certitude générale des droits, en r

Le Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (C.N.N.) est l’ordre professionnel de la catégorie. Il se compose de vingt notaires, directement élus par tous les notaires en exercice, pour un mandat d’une durée de trois ans; ne sont consentis que deux mandats consécutifs. Les mêmes modalités sont suivies pour l’élection des trois membres du Collège des Commissaires aux comptes. Suite à leur installation, les vingt conseillers élus désignent le Président, le Vice Président, le Sécrétaire et le Co

A  "public officer" is a professional who performs "public functions". This means that he is vested by the State  with public authority and faith, which allows him to draw "authentic deeds"  (or "public deeds"). The “authentic deed” is the characteristic  "product" of the latin notary system. Even though  the notaries' discipline can show slight differences in  the different countries adopting the latin system, they all draw up authentic (public) deeds with the same legal meaning.

Legalization is indispensable for a foreign public document to be valid in Italy. It consists only of the official certification - by the competent Italian consular or diplomatic authority abroad – of the legal status of the public official (or functionary) who has signed the document and the authenticity of his signature. If the document is issued by a foreign authority in Italy, it must be legalized by the Prefect in the district in which the foreign authority is located (except for the

La légalisation est une condition fondamentale pour qu’un acte étranger puisse produire ses effets juridiques en Italie. Il consiste uniquement dans l’attestation officielle – exprimée par l’autorité consulaire ou diplomatique italienne à l’étranger compétente – de la qualification juridique de l’officier public qui a signé l’acte, et de l’authenticité de sa signature. Si l’acte est émis par une autorité étrangère en Italie, il devra être légalisé par le préfet dans la circonscription duq

In general the purchase/sale is the contract having the purpose of transferring the ownership of a house or the transfer of some other right for the equivalent of a price;  more generically it could be said that the purchase/sale of real estate is the formal agreement by means of which one party, called the seller, transfers to another, called purchaser, the ownership of a given property against payment of the price agreed on. Our juridical system, in view of the extreme importance of rea

If the parties wish to set up an general partnership, they must respect the specific rules laid down in this regard by the Civil Code, bearing in mind, in any case that, for many aspects, the law refers the reader to the provisions regulating informal partnerships, which consequently apply equally to general partnerships. So that, in the light the foregoing, the present file foresees multiple referrals to the subjects already dealt with and developed with regard to the informal partners

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

La loi n° 52 de 1996 a introduit dans la législation italienne des normes de protection des consommateurs dans leurs relations contractuelles avec les professionnels. Pour rationaliser la réglementation, alourdie par de nombreuses interventions législatives successives, on a récemment promulgué le Code de la consommation (décret-loi du 6 septembre 2005 n° 206), qui contient un remaniement global de la majeure partie des normes visant la protection du consommateur. Aux termes de l'artic

A home loan is a contract whereby one party, called the lender (usually a bank), transfers a given sum of money to a second party known as the borrower, so that the latter may use it for a given time in exchange for paying the former an amount representing interest. To this outline of the essential structure and functions of the contract must be added that a home loan includes various clauses that are not always immediately comprehensible but are necessary for regulating all the relations

The Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (C.N.N.) is the professional order of notaries. It is made up of 20 notaries directly elected by all practising notaries in three-yearly elections. There is a limit of two consecutive mandates. The three members of the Audit Committee are elected according to the same procedure.The 20 elected councillors, after they are installed in office, nominate a President, a Vice President, a Secretary and an Executive Committee. The tasks of the Consiglio Na

Quand doit-on avoir recours à un notaire ? Les domaines d’intervention du notaire italien concernent principalement: a) l’acquisition d’un logis ou d’autres biens immobiliers; b) la formalisation d’un contrat de crédit avec une banque; c) la préparation de procurations qui donnent à un tiers la faculté de nous représenter; d) la modification des relations patrimoniales entre conjoints; e) la demande à un juge d’autorisations concernant les enfants mineurs; f) la donation

Only legal security in business and private relationships allow for economic development; therefore a constitutional state must guarantee  legal security to its citizens. To this goal: 1) lawsuits  must be prevented, for as much as possible; 2) the citizens must have access  to public registers whose records are reliable and legally trustworthy. Clearly the reliability of the findings depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the deeds entered. An authentic deed, drawn by a

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

La société à responsabilité limitée est fondamentalement destinée à des entreprises à dimensions plus réduites par rapport à la société par actions, et la participation sociale peut maintenir un profil personnel qu’on ne retrouve généralement pas dans la s.p.a.. La société se compose en effet habituellement d’un nombre réduit d’associés qui ne sont pas personnellement responsables des dettes sociales, même s’ils ont agi au nom et pour le compte de la société.La législation en vigueur depuis le p

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar from many points of view to those laid down for informal partnerships. However it is underlined that death of a limited partner does not imply conclusion of the business relationship, since upon the death of the partner his/her share is transmitted, unless otherwise agreed in the Memorandum of Association.

Consortiums are formed between entrepreneurs who decide to set up a common enterprise for regulating and carrying different phases of their respective businesses. The consortiums too are of a mutual character, since the consortium’s activity is carried out in the interest of its member enterprises. “Regulating” given steps of the members’ enterprises is a typical function of internal consortiums, and may be non-competitive in nature, while the “carrying out” of given steps in the respecti

Les consortiums sont des contrats entre entrepreneurs qui donnent naissance à une organisation commune pour organiser et exécuter certaines phases précises de leurs entreprise.Les consortiums sont eux aussi des organismes mutualistes, puisque l’activité du consortium doit être menée dans l’intérêt des entreprises associées. La "réglementation" de certaines phases que vivent les différentes entreprises est la fonction typique des consortiums internes et elle peut aussi présenter des traits anti-c

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Les sociétés coopératives sont des organismes protégés par la Constitution: l’article 45 de la Constitution dit en effet que "la constitution reconnaît la fonction sociale de la coopération à caractère mutualiste et sans but de spéculation privée".Dans les coopératives c’est la fonction sociale qui joue un rôle prédominant, puisqu’elle veut réaliser une décentralisation démocratique du pouvoir d’organisation et de gestion de la production et, par la même occasion, une diffusion majeure et plus é

Dans ce cas aussi il faudra signer un contrat de société (que la loi appelle expressément "acte constitutif"). Le contrat doit être rédigé sous forme d’acte authentique ou d’écriture sous seing privé authentifiée.Dans la pratique, le contrat créant une s.n.c. est un document qui peut être l’acte constitutif proprement dit auquel les statuts de la société seront annexés. Le premier contient la manifestation de la volonté des associés et les éléments essentiels de l’organisation de la société, alo

The individual partnership may be resolved following the exclusion of a partner from the company.In some cases this occurs by law (e.g. in cases of bankruptcy), while in other cases the exclusion is decided by the other partners, when circumstances envisaged by the law or by the  partnership contract occur. Your Notary public will describe such cases to you.In all the cases examined thus far in which the relationship of a single partner ends as a result of death, withdrawal or exclusion, the

The relationship between a partner and the company ends automatically when the partner dies. Within six months from his death, the surviving partners have the duty of returning the share held by the dead partner to his heirs. The surviving partners are not obliged to accept that the heirs of the deceased member should succeed him by taking his place in the company.The surviving partners have two options they can choose from. They may either decide:- to wind up the company in advance;- to car