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NETHERLANDS: Measures against 'letterbox companies' seek to improve country's reputation

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

The italian Notary

«D’autant plus notaire, d’autant moins juge». Avec cette phrase, un célèbre juriste (Carnelutti) a défini la fonction essentielle du notaire (c’est là la plus importante activité que la loi confie au notaire). Dés lors plus le notaire accompli scrupuleusement son travail, à savoir vérifier et interpréter la volonté des parties (des personnes) qui concluent un contrat et rédiger conformément à la loi et avec clarté les clauses qui s’y rattachent, moins il est nécessaire d’avoir recours au

Following marriage, unless an explicit declaration to the contrary is made at the time of the ceremony, spouses find themselves in a shared property arrangement, this being the automatic legal regime in force in our system since 20/9/1975. This means that any purchase made by a spouse during the marriage is subject to legal community (or, simply put, is common property) with the other. The law excludes (to take a few of the more important cases) only assets acquired by donation or inherit

À la suite d’un mariage, en l’absence d’une déclaration contraire explicite au moment de la célébration, les conjoints sont en régime de communauté légale de biens, régime prévu par la loi et automatique, en vigueur depuis le 20/09/1975 dans notre système juridique. Cela signifie que toute acquisition faite par un des conjoints pendant la durée du mariage entre dans la communauté de biens légale (ou, plus simplement, dans la copropriété) avec l’autre. Le législateur exclut (pour évoquer l

A  "public officer" is a professional who performs "public functions". This means that he is vested by the State  with public authority and faith, which allows him to draw "authentic deeds"  (or "public deeds"). The “authentic deed” is the characteristic  "product" of the latin notary system. Even though  the notaries' discipline can show slight differences in  the different countries adopting the latin system, they all draw up authentic (public) deeds with the same legal meaning.

Joint ownership of assets is the property regime Italian law “automatically” assigns to partners in marriage, but allows the spouses to choose otherwise (such as the separation of assets or joint ownership by agreement).In summary, legal joint ownership means that, in principle, all assets acquired by the spouses during their marriage, even if formally in the name of one only of them, in reality belong to both. That means that in order to sell them, donate them, mortgage them or otherwise dispos

La communauté légale des biens est le régime matrimonial que la loi italienne prévoit ”automatiquement” pour le mariage, tout en laissant aux époux la faculté de choisir d’autres règles (comme la séparation des biens ou la communauté conventionnelle). En résumé, la communauté légale prévoit qu’en principe tous les biens acquis par les époux pendant le mariage, même si formellement ils l’ont été au nom d’un seul de ceux-ci, appartiennent en réalité à tous les deux. Ceci signifie que pour l

Fluctuations in the cost of money may, in some cases, make it advisable to “make running changes” to the terms of a mortgage: such changes, in economics, are known as renegotiation. There are various legal methods for achieving this: a) discharge of the old home loan and granting of new financing with a new mortgage (“replacement” home loan); b) merely changing the terms of the old home loan (renegotiation in the strictest sense); c) from 2 February 2007, subrog

Les variations dans le cours du coût de l’argent peuvent dans certains cas faire qu’un “changement en cours de route” des conditions régissant le contrat devienne avantageux : en économie on appelle cette modification une renégociation. Juridiquement, elle peut prendre différentes forme:a) l’extinction de la vieille dette et la constitution d’un nouveau financement et d’une nouvelle hypothèque (crédit “de substitution”);b) un accord qui modifie simplement le vieux contrat de prêt (renégoc

Only legal security in business and private relationships allow for economic development; therefore a constitutional state must guarantee  legal security to its citizens. To this goal: 1) lawsuits  must be prevented, for as much as possible; 2) the citizens must have access  to public registers whose records are reliable and legally trustworthy. Clearly the reliability of the findings depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the deeds entered. An authentic deed, drawn by a

On the basis of the provisions in force as of 1 January 2004, the administration of joint-stock companies may be organised according to three separate models:  the traditional model, the monistic model (of Anglo-Saxon origin) and the two-tier model (of German origin).In the traditional model, the directors have the task of running the company, and are accordingly provided with the power of being pro-active i.e. promoting the decision-making activity of the meeting (power of initiative), of i

Aux termes des normes en vigueur depuis le premier janvier 2004 l’administration de la société par actions peut  être organisée suivant trois modèles distincts: le modèle traditionnel, le modèle moniste (d’origine anglo-saxonne) et le modèle dualiste (d’origine allemande).Dans le modèle traditionnel les administrateurs se voient confiée la tâche de gérer la société, et ils détiennent donc le pouvoir de promouvoir l’activité décisionnelle de l’assemblée (pouvoir d’initiative), de faire exécuter l

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of