Risultati ricerca

Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

ESTATE DISPUTES: Some important judgments from last month

EUROPEAN COMMISSION: Companies to be prevented from moving tax residency

Currency repatriation requirements were extended on 14 April to cover loans issued by Russian residents to foreign borrowers, reducing the opportunities for businesses to shift funds abroad through non-repayable loans.

Trustees cannot simply brush aside beneficiaries' request for information

SOCIETA' - Oggetto sociale

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Distribution tax refunds to be financed by new 'exceptional' corporation tax

'Foundation company' vehicle established in Cayman Islands

INTERNATIONAL - The risk factors Guidelines

INTERNATIONAL - UK, TRUSTS: online trusts register is delayed

INTERNATIONAL - GERMANY: Restriction of loss relief declared unconstitutional

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Information Commissioner warns of privacy threat from public registers of trusts

The following are examples of what needs to be included in a proposal for sale or purchase and in a preliminary contract: - the precise description of the asset or assets; - the exact identification of the owner or owners and of the purchaser or purchasers; - the obligations of the vendor and of the purchaser; - the price of the sale and method of payment; - the conditions of the conveyance and relevant guarantees; - documentation of the history of the asset or assets; -

Vous trouverez ici à titre d’exemple les points obligatoires à inclure dans une proposition de vente ou d’achat et dans un avant-contrat de mutation onéreuse: - la description précise du bien ou des biens;- l’identification exacte du propriétaire ou des propriétaires et de l’acquéreur ou des acquéreurs;- les obligations du vendeur et de l’acheteur;- le prix de la vente et les modalités de paiement;- les conditions de la transaction et les garanties qui l’accompagnent;- les documents indiq

Notaries and citizens

Notaries and business

Le 14 novembre 2002, le Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato, l’Agence pour le Territoire et l’Association Nationale des Communes Italiennes (ANCI) ont signé un protocole d’entente pour promouvoir l’exemption de l’obligation de déclaration ICI, tant pour le vendeur que pour l’acheteur, dans tous les cas où l’acte notarié, dont dépend le transfert immobilier, est enregistré par la voie télématique. On a ensuite entrepris une phase d’expérimentations avec plusieurs Communes, qui ont fixé, en é

La loi prévoit à ce propos deux "attestations" différentes aux fins de la "certification de performance énergétique": - le certificat de qualification énergétique devant jouer le rôle d’instrument de contrôle consécutif du respect, au moment de la construction ou de la rénovation des bâtiments, des dispositions visant une amélioration des performances énergétiques (article 8, deuxième alinéa); - le certificat de performance énergétique, qui jouera un rôle d’instrument d’"information" d

La réglementation transitoire, qui trouvera application en attendant que la réglementation normative soit promulguée, est régie par l’article 11, alinéa 1-bis du décret législatif 192/2005, en vigueur depuis le 2 février 2007, après introduction par le décret législatif 311/2006; cette norme dit que, tant qu’on n’aura pas promulgué les normes réglementaires qui permettront de rédiger le certificat de performance énergétique des bâtiments, celui-ci sera remplacé à tous les effets (et donc aus

Notaries provide the community with a complex service, they carry out a public function of the State within the framework of an independent profession. The notarial deed not only regulates transactions between parties, but it provides added value in at least three respects: - a contract signed before a notary is unchallengable and hence it avoids expensive and time-consuming litigation procedures; - it is enforceable and hence it can be used to recover credits and it constitutes pri

On dit: mais à quoi donc sert un notaire? En Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, on peut tout aussi bien acheter une maison tout seul et être protégé par les assurances. C’est vrai; dommage que le solicitor, l’avocat dont on ne peut se passer de l’assistance, coûte beaucoup plus cher que le notaire et que, la plupart du temps, les assurances sont réticentes à rembourser les dommages. Au fond, la différence entre les deux systèmes consiste à prévenir plutôt que guérir. Il est aisé de percevoi

Posez la question en interrogeant les passants. Le plus souvent, on vous répondra, soit «c’est un professionnel libéral dont on peut se fier», soit «il gagne beaucoup d’argent». En écoutant l’opinion  publique, on perçoit deux éléments essentiels du rôle du notaire, que l’on distingue déjà bien que dans un rôle mineur, lorsque, dans une émission télévisée, le notaire est là pour assurer que tout se passe correctement et que personne ne triche. Le premier est la confiance, qui s’appu

The vendor has the right to receive the full amount of the agreed price from the purchaser at the time the sale contract is settled. Frequently the vendor has already received an advance payment on that price, generally as a deposit: in that case he will have the right to receive the difference to make up the full agreed price. The vendor has the option to allow the purchaser a deferral of payment, with or without interest. It is up to the discretion of the vendor (based on the trust h

As from 1 January 2006, it has been possible to meet the taxation requirements on some real estate transfers at the land registry's valuation, regardless of the price agreed and shown in the contract. The rule that first introduced the price-value concept was Article 1, Paragraph 497 of Law no. 266 of 23 December 2005 (2006 Budget); there were two subsequent amendments: Article 35, Paragraph 21 of Legislative Decree no. 223 of 4 July 2006, converted with modifications into Law no. 248 of

À la suite d’un mariage, en l’absence d’une déclaration contraire explicite au moment de la célébration, les conjoints sont en régime de communauté légale de biens, régime prévu par la loi et automatique, en vigueur depuis le 20/09/1975 dans notre système juridique. Cela signifie que toute acquisition faite par un des conjoints pendant la durée du mariage entre dans la communauté de biens légale (ou, plus simplement, dans la copropriété) avec l’autre. Le législateur exclut (pour évoquer l

La législation réglementant cette situation est extrêmement complexe, et peut être résumée en gros en se référant à un profil subjectif et un profil objectif. Du premier point de vue, il convient de souligner qu’il y a principalement deux types d’impôts attachés à la transaction immobilière: le droit d’enregistrement (et les droits hypothécaires et cadastraux relatifs) et la TVA. Que l’un ou l’autre de ces droits soit exigé dépend principalement, mais pas exclusivement de la qualificat

It is generally agreed that the notion of a "sale" includes not only transactions for the transfer of property rights but also those for the transfer or creation of partial real rights or enjoyment (e.g. bare ownership or usufruct).

La loi (articles 2 et 3) prévoit par conséquent qu’au moment de la stipulation du contrat préliminaire, ou de n’importe quel autre contrat ou accord par lequel l’acquéreur ne devient pas immédiatement propriétaire du nouvel immeuble en cours de construction, en contrepartie des obligations souscrites et des sommes avancées ou à payer, le vendeur doit fournir une fidéjussion spécifique (auprès d’une banque ou assurance) en garantie de toutes les sommes remises ou à remettre avant l’acte défin

The purchaser's main obligation is obviously to pay the agreed price to the vendor at the time the sale contract is completed. Where an advance payment has been made as a deposit, the difference must be paid to make up the full agreed price. It is legitimate for the purchaser to request a deferment of payment, but it is not his right to insist upon it, it being left to the discretion of the vendor whether or not to grant this: the purchaser's obligation to pay the price in full derives fr

La principale obligation de l’acheteur est bien entendu celle de payer au vendeur le prix convenu au moment de la signature du contrat d’achat. Au cas où une certaine somme aurait été versée auparavant sous forme d’acompte ou d’arrhes, il devra évidemment payer la différence, c’est à dire le solde du prix. Il est admis que l’acheteur demande un échelonnement du paiement, mais il ne peut pas faire valoir le droit de l’obtenir du vendeur, puisqu’un tel accord dépend du pouvoir discrétionna

Italian law attempts to facilitate and encourage people to buy their own primary home (their so-called “primary residence” ["prima casa"]) through various reductions in taxes for the purchaser. Specifically, at the time of purchase, the purchaser pays 3% (stamp duty) if he buys from a private person or 4% (VAT) if he buys from a company (except for a few odd cases), plus a fixed charge for registering the transfer and mortgage (presently a total of Euro 336.00).A foreigner, too, may take advanta

A property conveyance gives rise to a series of rights and obligations for both parties. For a number of the rights of one of the contracting parties, there are corresponding and equal obligations of the other party, so that the vendor and the purchaser find themselves involved in an interactive web of expectations to be met and duties to be performed. While some of these rights/obligations, such as the payment/receipt of the purchase price and the delivery/receipt of the property, are

Il faut donc préciser que la nouvelle loi, et plus particulièrement l’obligation fidéjussoire que nous examinerons dans le détail ci-dessous, s’applique à presque tous les types de transactions immobilières, et donc, outre aux transferts de propriété de biens immobiliers, aux échanges, divisions, attributions par des sociétés coopératives, …. également et plus spécialement pour ce qui est des différents accords précédant l’acquisition et le transfert de propriété proprement dit, tels que les

When someone dies it is advisable to immediately obtain information on the transfer of the succession, that is, it has to be ascertained whether the succession – in the case in point – will be regulated by the law (since the deceased person has not left a will) or else, wholly or in part, by a will.Death is a grave and important event, on the basis of which different provisions of the law may take effect, besides the will of the deceased;  in order to avoid even important unforeseen consequences

In general the purchase/sale is the contract having the purpose of transferring the ownership of a house or the transfer of some other right for the equivalent of a price;  more generically it could be said that the purchase/sale of real estate is the formal agreement by means of which one party, called the seller, transfers to another, called purchaser, the ownership of a given property against payment of the price agreed on. Our juridical system, in view of the extreme importance of rea

L’achat/vente est en général représenté par le contrat qui a pour objet le transfert de la propriété d’une chose ou le transfert d’un autre droit en échange d’un prix à payer; on peut dire en termes plus généraux que la transaction immobilière est l’accord formel par lequel une partie, dite vendeur, transfère à une autre, dite acquéreur la propriété d’un bien immobilier déterminé contre le paiement du prix convenu. Dans notre système juridique, compte tenu de l’extrême importance de la pr

In a property conveyance, right from what we have called the preparatory phase before the definitive contract, the notary plays a rather delicate and important role: determining whether in fact the vendor is free to sell the asset and whether the purchaser in his turn may legitimately acquire it. For example - to cite just a few of the more important aspects - the notary's tasks include certifying the personal identity of the parties (in other words that the vendor and hence the owner of

Lors d’une transaction immobilière, dès ce que nous avons défini comme les phases préliminaires à l’acte définitif, le notaire joue un rôle plutôt délicat et important: il doit vérifier qu’effectivement le vendeur peut vendre librement ce bien et que l’acquéreur pour sa part peut l’acquérir en toute légitimité. Par exemple – et juste pour évoquer certains des aspects les plus importants – le notaire a la fonction de garantir la certitude de l’identité des personnes qui sont parties (en d’

A conveyance differs substantially from an exchange, a donation or a division. In an exchange, there is the reciprocal transfer of certain properties from one owner to another: basically, this means one property is exchanged for another but the exchange may also be accompanied by the passing of a sum of money as a balance if there is a difference in value between the properties exchanged. In a donation, there is always, as in the conveyance, the transfer of real estate, but there is no

La mutation à titre onéreux se distingue fondamentalement de l’échange, de la donation et du partage. En effet, l’échange prévoit le transfert réciproque de biens immobiliers précis d’un propriétaire à l’autre: il s’agit en fait d’échanger un bien immobilier contre un autre, échange qui peut toutefois être accompagné de la remise d’une somme d’argent pour couvrir la différence, lorsque la valeur des deux biens échangés n’est pas égale. Dans le cas de la donation, il y a toujours, comme

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

A home loan is a contract whereby one party, called the lender (usually a bank), transfers a given sum of money to a second party known as the borrower, so that the latter may use it for a given time in exchange for paying the former an amount representing interest. To this outline of the essential structure and functions of the contract must be added that a home loan includes various clauses that are not always immediately comprehensible but are necessary for regulating all the relations

Il s’agit d’un contrat par lequel une partie, le bailleur (en général une banque) transfère à une autre, l’emprunteur, une quantité déterminée d’argent pour que cette dernière puisse en jouir pendant une période donnée en échange du paiement à la première d’une somme qui représente les intérêts. Ayant ainsi brossé les grandes lignes et la fonction du contrat, il faudra tout de suite souligner qu’un crédit immobilier est dans la vie concrète couplé à différentes clauses pas toujours immédi

The sale contract includes the personal data of both the vendor and the purchaser, including their fiscal codes, the description of the property to be transferred with an indication of its location, its nature and its boundaries, as well as its identification at the land titles office and a number of obligatory pieces of information regarding town planning and building regulations. The vendor must declare whether the property was built before 1 September 1967; if the building took place a

In general terms, the conveyance is the contract that transfers ownership of an asset or some other right in exchange for a consideration; more generically, one may say that a real estate conveyance is the formal agreement whereby one party, known as the vendor, transfers to another party, known as the purchaser, the ownership of a particular property in exchange for payment of the agreed price. Given the extreme importance of real property ownership, our legal system not only requires th

La loi complète et renforce ultérieurement la protection de l’acquéreur en étendant également au promettant acquéreur le droit de fractionner l’emprunt immobilier et l’hypothèque sur le bien immobilier en construction, et  l’interdiction qui s’en suit de procéder à la vente avant la subdivision en quote-parts du financement et le fractionnement ou la radiation hypothécaire ou la saisie, si non endossées (articles 7 et 8). Ceci ouvre donc un droit de prélation en faveur des acquéreurs de l

First of all, the purchaser has the right to have the vendor consign the property at the time of the notarised conveyance, upon payment of the purchase price, in its known state, with any agreed accessories, free of persons and things. It is legitimate for the purchaser to request consignment of the asset before the definitive transfer: however it is not his right to insist upon it, it being left to the d

L’acheteur a tout d’abord le droit d’obtenir du vendeur la délivrance du bien immobilier au moment du contrat de vente notarié, et parallèlement au paiement du prix de vente, dans son état tel que connu, avec les dépendances éventuelles concordées, libre de personnes et de choses. Il est admis que l’acquéreur demande la remise du bien immobilier en avance sur le transfert définitif: il ne peut cependant pas imposer ce droit, le vendeur ayant le pouvoir discrétionnaire de l’accorder (non s

As has been seen above, in order to determine the type of tax and the amount and means of payment of the sums due for duties on the purchase of a so-called primary residence, one must first of all take into account the nature of the vendor. When the vendor is the company that built (or renovated) the property and four years have not elapsed since completion, the conveyance is subject to VAT that the purchaser must pay directly to the company and not to the notary, along with the payment o

La transaction immobilière peut à juste titre être considérée comme l’acte notarié par excellence, entre autres également au vu de toutes les obligations que la loi impose au notaire comme conséquence de la conclusion de l’acte (pour n’en évoquer que les plus importantes: l’inscription aux registres, le transfert du droit de propriété, la transcription, les communications aux autorités compétentes prévues par la loi …). C’est le notaire qui rédige le contrat, après s’être enquis de la vol

In general the rules for limited partnerships (s.a.s.) are the same as those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph). However, the death of a limited partner does not end the partnership because, as said above, in case of death, the partner’s shares are transferred to the heirs, unless otherwise provided for in the Memorandum of Association.

In the first place, the vendor is obliged to consign to the purchaser the property sold in the state in which it is with vacant possession, free of persons and things, at the time the contract of sale is notarised, i.e. at the same time as the balance of the price is paid. The vendor has the option, however, of allowing the future purchaser to occupy the property even before the actual change of ownership, it being understood that because he is still the owner of the asset he remains resp

La première obligation du vendeur est l’obligation de livrer à l’acheteur le bien immobilier dans l’état où il se trouve, libre de personnes et de choses, au moment du contrat de vente devant notaire, donc simultanément au paiement du solde du prix. Il a cependant le possibilité d’autoriser le futur acquéreur à prendre possession des lieux même avant le transfert de propriété proprement dit, étant entendu que, puisqu’il est encore propriétaire du bien, il en est toujours responsable en ta

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

Les lois qui réglementent la société en commandite simple sont de maints point de vue analogues à celles qui s’appliquent aux sociétés simples.  Nous vous renvoyons par conséquent au paragraphe s'y réferent.De plus, pour ce qui est des modifications subjectives à la suite du transfert de la part sociale, il faut distinguer entre les quote-parts des associés commandités et celles des commanditaires.Prenons le cas où un des associés commandités aurait l’intention de transférer sa part de participa

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

Take the case in which the company has lost capital. What is the company allowed to do?In this connection the law envisages that, in case of losses, the company cannot distribute profits among the partners until the capital has been reduced or replenished by the corresponding amount.However, unlike what happens for companies with share capital, there is no obligation to reduce the capital whatever the amount of the losses incurred, even if the latter are such as to wipe out the  entire capit

Let us take the case in which the Parties decide to undertake an entrepreneurial activity by setting up  a partnership.What would the general characteristics of such a company be?First of all, as regards the unlimited and joint liability of the partners:- in the case of a general partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability;- in the case of an informal partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability, but there can be an agreement whereby the partners who

Mettons le cas où les parties auraient décidé d'engager une activité d’entreprise en constituant une société de personnes.Quelles sont les caractéristiques générales que devra avoir une telle société?Tout d’abord la responsabilité indéfinie et solidaire des associés des dettes sociales:- de tous les associés dans la société en nom collectif;- de tous les associés, mais en prévoyant la possibilité de conclure un accord contraire pour les associés qui n’ont pas de pouvoir de représentation, da

Contributions are the assets that the partners are obliged to provide under the partnership deed.In other terms, the contributions are the resources that the partners contribute to create the initial assets of the company.It is their function to provide the company with the initial capital required to carry out the company’s activity.Through the contribution each partner allocates a part of his personal assets to the common activity throughout the lifetime of the company and takes on the ent

In order to do business often huge investments are required and often a single person may not have that amount of financial means. Doing business through a company enables several people to invest and work together so that each individual may then enjoy the benefits of the activity carried out proportionately to the amount of work done and to the quota of investments made.A participation (share or quota) of the capital of the company is assigned to the partner in return for the assets he has

It is extremely simple to set up an informal partnership:- the contract needs not be of any special type, except where special types of assets are involved (and except for evidentiary limitations);- all that is needed to set up an informal partnership is the mutual engagement by the partners to jointly carry out a non-commercial profit-making activity;- informal partnerships must be entered into the register of companies. Such registration takes place in a special section and does not imply

Throughout the life of the company the partners may modify the partnership contract but this requires a unanimous vote, unless otherwise agreed and except for the case in which the company were to be turned into a  stock company, for mergers and spin offs, in which cases (unless otherwise decided in the shareholders’ agreement on which you should be advised by your notary) a simple majority is required by law.  The majority is established on the basis of the share of profits attributed to ea

Pendant la durée de vie de la société les associés ont la possibilité de modifier le contrat de société mais, sauf convention contraire, le consentement de tous est nécessaire, à l’exception de la transformation en société de capitaux, des fusions et des scissions pour lesquelles, toujours si les pactes d’associés ne contiennent pas de dispositions contraires, sur l’insertion desquelles votre notaire pourra vous conseiller, la loi exige l’accord de la majorité des associés seulement, calculée su

Parties wishing to set up a company must enter into a contract: company agreement (Memorandum of Association) under which two or more persons transfer assets or services for doing business jointly with the aim of sharing the ensuing profits.The legal system also envisages the establishment of a business entity by a single person through a unilateral deed: for instance a stock company with a single shareholder, a one-man limited responsibility company, or a spin-off decided by the shareholder

The relationship between a partner and the company ends automatically when the partner dies. Within six months from his death, the surviving partners have the duty of returning the share held by the dead partner to his heirs. The surviving partners are not obliged to accept that the heirs of the deceased member should succeed him by taking his place in the company.The surviving partners have two options they can choose from. They may either decide:- to wind up the company in advance;- to car