Risultati ricerca

SOCIETA' - Anche la cooperativa può amministrare un condominio

ASSICURAZIONE SULLA VITA - Quando la polizza è nulla per assenza del rischio assicurato

SOCIETA' TRA PROFESSIONISTI - Maggioranza dei soci professionisti per 2/3

USUFRUTTO ROTATIVO - Se una clausola di rotatività sia compatibile con il diritto di usufrutto

CARTOLARIZZAZIONI - Nuove agevolazioni per ReoCo e LeasCo

SOCIETA' - Tobin Tax non dovuta per le azioni cedute tra società 'sorelle'

Lo Studio Notarile è organizzato secondo un modello specialistico "a matrice", vale a dire che le persone addette allo Studio svolgono ciascuna un proprio compito particolare (per il quale sono adeguatamente ed estremamente preparate, essendo sottoposte a una continuativa attività di formazione) che è strettamente correlato e coordinato al compito specifico di altre persone. Il lavoro quotidiano è svolto secondo rigidi protocolli operativi, configurati secondo criteri di efficienza e qualità.

PMI IN BORSA - Arriva il credito d’imposta per chi si quota in Borsa

DIVISIONE - Tassazione della divisione di masse plurime

INFLAZIONE - In crescita nell'Eurozona

FATTO

The Privy Council ruling in Investec v Glenalla is being welcomed as good news for Guernsey, by reassuring settlors that assets in a Guernsey or Jersey trust are protected from creditors even if the trustee unreasonably incurs a liability or acts in breach of trust and thus invalidates its indemnity. The decision will prove to be of huge importance to settlors, beneficiaries and trustees across the offshore world, said Nick Robison of Guernsey law firm Babbé, which represented the trustees. FATT

Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

EUROPEAN COMMISSION: Companies to be prevented from moving tax residency

The Privy Council has handed down judgment in Investec Trust (Guernsey) v Glenalla Properties (2018 UKPC 7), in which the former trustees of the Tchenguiz Discretionary Trust had made loans of over GBP200 million to various BVI companies.

Trustees cannot simply brush aside beneficiaries' request for information

TUTELA DEL PATRIMONIO - Pronte le regole OCSE contro l’occultamento di patrimoni all’estero tramite trust e altri schemi

INTERNATIONAL - UK - Nearly 100,000 properties in England and Wales owned by foreign entities

NETHERLANDS: Measures against 'letterbox companies' seek to improve country's reputation

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Foreign investors may be discouraged by capital gains tax on commercial property

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Legal entities must comply with reporting obligations by April

PHILANTHROPY: Ikea's late founder structured business as three foundations

INTERNATIONAL - AUSTRALIA: Consequences of using foreign trusts for capital gains

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Legislation this summer on register of foreign property-owners

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

Limited partnership structures can be set up in the BVI from early 2018, in the hope of attracting private equity funds and joint venture vehicles, for which onshore tax transparency is required. They do not need to have a BVI-based general partner.

TRUST - LUXEMBOURG: Movement on beneficial ownership registers

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Alarm over extension of property taxes to non-residents

IMPOSTA DI SUCCESSIONE E DONAZIONE - SPAIN: Andalusia increases inheritance tax exemption

TRUST - NETHERLANDS: Tougher regulation of trust offices

EUROPE: Commission publishes argument against UK's CFC exemption

GERMANY: Expat businessman challenges exit tax for move to Switzerland

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Distribution tax refunds to be financed by new 'exceptional' corporation tax

INTERNATIONAL - JERSEY: Apple says relocation of Irish subsidiary does not reduce its tax liabilities

'Foundation company' vehicle established in Cayman Islands

INTERNATIONAL - The risk factors Guidelines

INTERNATIONAL - UK, TRUSTS: online trusts register is delayed

INTERNATIONAL - MATRIMONIAL: Russian woman reportedly claims GBP11.6 billion from ex-husband

INTERNATIONAL - GERMANY: Restriction of loss relief declared unconstitutional

INTERNATIONAL - UK TRUSTS: Law implementing registers of trusts in force on 26 June 2017

INTERNATIONAL - EU: Court of Justice rules on dynamic IP addresses

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Information Commissioner warns of privacy threat from public registers of trusts

INTERNATIONAL - INDIA: Highest court rules that three days per year is enough to create permanent establishment

US: Trump proposes territorial tax system

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

INTERNATIONAL - European Union: Taxation at source must take into account non-resident taxpayer's domestic costs

SOCIETA' - Corporate Governance

SOCIETA' - Le decisioni dei soci nelle Società tra Professionisti (StP)

The italian Notary

PROPRIETA' E DIRITTI REALI - Pertinenza

La disciplina in tema di patto di famiglia prevede espressamente che all’atto negoziale prendano parte <<l’ imprenditore>>, i discendenti ai quali egli intende trasferire l’azienda di famiglia (o le partecipazioni che la rappresentino) e <<anche il coniuge e tutti coloro che sarebbero legittimari ove in quel momento si aprisse la successione nel patrimonio dell’ imprenditore>>. Vediamo dunque nel dettaglio chi sono i protagonisti del patto di famiglia.a) L’imprenditor

Se la SpA è di ridotte dimensioni, il finanziamento socio è postergato come nella Srl

EREDITA' - Polizza stipulata dal defunto

Notaries and business

Notaries have as their essential mission to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients in various areas of law

SOCIETA' - Esclusione del socio con vincoli in SRL e società di persone

SOCIETA' - SRL prelazione opponibile al terzo

IMPOSTE - IVIE per casa in Inghilterra

SOCIETA' - Srls gratuita

SOCIETA' - SpA a stretta base azionaria

SOCIETA' - Srl - Statuto standard

a. Richiesta di prestazioni professionali o del compimento di operazioni aventi oggetto ovvero scopo non compatibile con il profilo economico-patrimoniale o con l’attività del cliente ovvero con il profilo economico patrimoniale, o con l’attività dell’eventuale gruppo societario cui lo stesso appartiene. b. Consulenza per l’organizzazione di operazioni finanziarie non coerenti con l’attività commerciale sottostante. c. Prestazio

Angelo Busani è nato a Parma il 4 ottobre 1960. Svolge la professione di notaio in Milano, con studio in via Cordusio n. 2. Conosce le lingue francese e inglese. Ha prestato il servizio militare nel Corpo degli Alpini (1980-1981). Prima dell’attività notarile ha svolto diversi lavori per finanziare i propri studi, tra cui quelli di operaio e di giornalista (è stato iscritto all’Ordine dei Giornalisti dal 1979). Nel 1982 ha vinto il primo premio del concorso giornalistico nazionale "Per la

ASSOCIAZIONI DEI CONSUMATORI Adiconsum Adoc Adusbef Altro

Il Governo può entrare in crisi per fattori interni alla compagine governativa o perché viene meno il rapporto di fiducia che lo lega al Parlamento. In base alla natura e all’ambito in cui insorge la causa della crisi di Governo si può avere: - crisi parlamentare, che viene aperta dal rigetto della mozione di fiducia iniziale, dall’approvazione di una mozione di sfiducia così come dal rigetto di una proposta su cui il Governo abbia posto la questione di fiducia.In questo caso il Governo pres

Le dimissioni del Presidente del Consiglio comportano una crisi di governo, cui segue la caduta dell’intero Governo.Diverso risultato si ha invece se a dimettersi o ad essere sfiduciato sia un Ministro. In questo caso il Ministro può venire sostituito con la procedura ad interim, ossia attribuendo la direzione del Ministero rimasto scoperto ad altro Ministro facente parte della compagine governativa o allo stesso Presidente del Consiglio.La copertura del direzione del Ministero vacante può d

FAMIGLIA - Contratti bancari -Trasparenza

Sono esenti da Ici (art. 7 D. Lgs. 504/1992):a) i fabbricati posseduti dallo Stato, dalle Regioni, dalle Province, dai Comuni, dalle Comunità montane, dai consorzi fra i detti enti (o fra enti territoriali ed altri enti individualmente esenti), dalle unità sanitarie locali, dalle istituzioni sanitarie pubbliche autonome di cui all'art. 41 della L. 833/78, dalle camere di commercio, industria, artigianato ed agricoltura, destinati esclusivamente ai compiti istituzionali;b) i fabbricati classi

Il legislatore delegato ha inserito, all'interno del d. lgs., un importante gruppo di norme (17) riguardante le limitazioni all'uso del contante e dei titoli al portatore, nonché ulteriori restrizioni alla libera circolazione degli assegni. Limitazione all'uso di danaro contante che si traduce in tracciabilità dei pagamenti mediante una canalizzazione dei flussi finanziari negli archivi contabili degli enti creditizi e finanziari, i cui dati sono facilmente reperibili in caso di indagini dir

1) Sino a che livello devo risalire per identificare il titolare effettivo?     Sino a individuare una persona fisica. 2) Oltre al repertorio notarile, di quale registro mi devo munire?    Per le attività non notarili devo munirmi di un registro (cartaceo) della clientela. 3) Per quanti anni devo conservare il registro della clientela?     Per 10 anni dall'ultima registrazione. 4) Devo interrompere la prestazione se decido di fare la segnalazione?

- Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze. Nota dell’8 aprile 2009, n. 28107 - Antiriciclaggio: chiarimenti sui pagamenti di effetti presso cassa cambiali e pagamenti frazionati.- Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze. Nota del 9 aprile 2009 n. 29165 - Antiriciclaggio: chiarimenti in ordine ad atto notarile in cui compare una società fiduciaria.- Ministero dell'Economia e delle Finanze. Decreto 12 agosto 2008 - Individuazione degli Stati extracomunitari e dei territori stranieri che impong

COMPRAVENDITA - Imposta di registro - Lottizzazione

L'aliquota è deliberata da ciascun Comune, entro il 31 dicembre dell'anno precedente a quello di riferimento, sulla base delle proprie esigenze di bilancio. Se la delibera non è adottata entro tale termine, si applica l'aliquota minima del 4 per mille (art. 6 D. Lgs. 504/92). Tale ultima disposizione, non formalmente abrogata, è peraltro in contrasto con quella recentemente introdotta che prevede, in caso di mancata delibera, l'applicazione dell'aliquota in vigore nell'anno precedente (art.

Les parties doivent choisir le notaire de commun accord ou, en l’absence d’accord, c’est la partie tenue au paiement des honoraires et au remboursement des frais anticipés par le notaire qui doit faire ce choix. Dans les actes notariés auxquels participent des organismes publics ou des banques, si le coût de l’acte notarié n’est pas à leur charge, la règle veut que le choix du notaire soit confié à l’autre partie, sauf motif justifié. Le choix du notaire ne doit pas être imposé par d’a

The notarial profession has always been, and continues to be, one that is more than ready to adopt new technology. It is sufficient to recall that from the 1960s on, any and all notaries' offices moved rapidly from traditional typewriters and duplicators to the most sophisticated photocopiers and PCs with large-capacity memories. The reason for notaries' particular attention to technological developments of this kind is evident. For over 2000 years the notary's job has been to create and con

Having broached subjects from the vendor's point of view as well, it is useful to recall that the burdensome INVIM (a tax originally levied on the vendor consequent upon his sale of a property) has been definitively abolished, to the great relief of the notary as well, given not only the complexity of calculating it but also (as always) the irksome role of tax collector that the law imposed on him. Nevertheless, it is helpful to emphasize that the vendor may still have to pay certain sums

Mention must be made of the distinction between real rates and nominal rates. The nominal rate is the percentage of interest that formally appears in the contract and which regulates the home loan operation. In reality, however, the effective cost of the loan is inevitably conditioned by a whole series of other factors: first of all, by various expense items  (survey, review and closure expenses; collection or encashment expenses; third-party agency costs; tax and insurance expenses; othe

Il est utile d’évoquer brièvement la différence entre taux réel et taux nominal. Le taux nominal est le pourcentage d’intérêts qui paraît décidé formellement dans le contrat et sur lequel l’opération de crédit est gérée. En réalité, le coût effectif de l’emprunt est cependant inévitablement conditionné par toute une série d’autres facteurs: tout d’abord par différents éléments de frais (frais d’enquête, de révision, de clôture; frais de recouvrement ou d’encaissement; frais de médiation p

Occorre fare qualche accenno alla distinzione tra tasso reale e tasso nominale. Il tasso nominale (anche: T.A.N., Tasso Annuo Nominale) è la percentuale di interessi che appare formalmente fissata nel contratto ed a cui l'operazione di mutuo viene regolata. In realtà, però, il costo effettivo del mutuo è inevitabilmente condizionato da tutta una serie di altri fattori: anzitutto da varie voci di spesa (spese di istruttoria, di revisione, di chiusura; spese di riscossione o di incasso;

The system grants access to all the data stored in the archives of the Land Registry, the technical offices of the Taxation Department, the Companies Registry, the Motor Registry and, in the near future, the Notarial Archives too.

The rate of interest is usually set in percentage terms; it may be fixed, which means it is the same for the whole duration of the loan, or variable, which means it is determined with reference to changing parameters that are set by objective, impartial criteria. For example, Euribor is an average quotation for variable rates calculated using objective criteria in the EU financial markets; while I.R.S. (interest instalments swap) is the financial reference parameter for establishing the cost

À la suite d’un mariage, en l’absence d’une déclaration contraire explicite au moment de la célébration, les conjoints sont en régime de communauté légale de biens, régime prévu par la loi et automatique, en vigueur depuis le 20/09/1975 dans notre système juridique. Cela signifie que toute acquisition faite par un des conjoints pendant la durée du mariage entre dans la communauté de biens légale (ou, plus simplement, dans la copropriété) avec l’autre. Le législateur exclut (pour évoquer l

The rules governing this matter are extremely complex and may be schematically simplified by looking at a subjective profile and an objective profile. As regards the former, there are two main types of tax linked to real estate conveyances: stamp duty (imposta di registro) (and the related mortgage and cadastral taxes) and VAT. Whether one tax or the other is applied depends mainly but not exclusively on the nature of the vendor. Stamp duty is applicable in all cases where the vendo

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

Un des éléments essentiels de la négociation d’un contrat de prêt est l’échelonnement accordé pour la restitution du capital prêté, donc la durée. On peut dire en termes généraux qu’une durée plus longue de l’emprunt comporte une diminution relative du montant de chaque tranche d’amortissement, ce qui diminue la pression sur l’emprunteur; d’autre part, tout ceci comporte globalement le paiement d’un montant plus élevé en termes d’intérêts, précisément parce que le capital sera remboursé plus

Notartel S.p.A. was set up in 1997 in a partnership between the Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (National Council of Notaries) and the Cassa Nazionale del Notariato (National Notaries' Fund) with the aim of creating and managing information and communications services for Italian notaries. Notartel links all Italian notaries by way of an intranet called Rete Unitaria del Notariato (RUN, or Unified Notarial Network), offering the services typical of an internet provider, such as access t

Italian law attempts to facilitate and encourage people to buy their own primary home (their so-called “primary residence” ["prima casa"]) through various reductions in taxes for the purchaser. Specifically, at the time of purchase, the purchaser pays 3% (stamp duty) if he buys from a private person or 4% (VAT) if he buys from a company (except for a few odd cases), plus a fixed charge for registering the transfer and mortgage (presently a total of Euro 336.00).A foreigner, too, may take advanta

L’achat d’un logement représente toujours un moment important de notre vie, tout comme la vente d’un bien immobilier marque une étape extrêmement significative: de l’investissement à la transformation du patrimoine à la nécessité d’un passage générationnel. Dans les deux cas, l’achat ou la vente d’un bien immobilier n’est pas chose à prendre à la légère. Car en effet il s’agit d’opérations fort complexes et pleines d’embûches qu’il ne saurait être question d’affronter sans les conseils d’

The new law that is discussed below, and in particular the duty to take out a surety bond, applies to all types of real estate negotiations and hence it applies to purchases, exchanges, divisions, allotments by cooperative companies …, also and in particular to all forms of agreement that are made before the purchase and actual delivery of the property, such as preliminary agreements, promises to sell, leasing contracts, unilateral promises, advance payments, …. (article 1, paragraph 1, lett

Dans les contrats de "crédit foncier", la loi offre à l’emprunteur la possibilité de rembourser le prêt en avance; en général cependant, les contrats de droit ordinaire aussi prévoient cette faculté. Arrivé à un certain moment de l’amortissement, l’emprunteur peut donc décider de mettre fin au contrat en restituant le capital qu’il doit encore et sur lequel bien entendu il ne paiera plus d’intérêts. À cause de ce manque à gagner, la banque pouvait, si le contrat le prévoyait, demander une

A company has a life of its own which is independent from that of its partners: it will go on living even after its partners die or it can be dissolved and wound up even if its partners are alive.All companies have a legal status and as such they have assets that are distinct from those of the partners that constitute the company. They have a name, a registered office and, hence are legal entities that are quite distinct from the individuals making up the company.They are non-personified col

Home loans are generally guaranteed by a mortgage and so are the preserve, in our legal system, of the notary. The presence of the notarial profession has become more significant with the recent increase in the number of such contracts, a result of the lower cost of money (though this is still subject to fluctuations) and improvements in living standards that allow an ever greater number of citizens to aspire to the ownership of their home and often of a second home as well. Year after ye

If the parties wish to set up an general partnership, they must respect the specific rules laid down in this regard by the Civil Code, bearing in mind, in any case that, for many aspects, the law refers the reader to the provisions regulating informal partnerships, which consequently apply equally to general partnerships. So that, in the light the foregoing, the present file foresees multiple referrals to the subjects already dealt with and developed with regard to the informal partners

Sales must be subject to stamp duty (so sales subject to VAT are excluded) and the purchasers must be physical persons who are not acting in the interests of a commercial, artistic or professional business activity. So the price-value system also applies to sales made by companies, businesses or entities, so long as the purchasers are "physical persons" and the transaction is subject to stamp duty (not VAT). In other words, in addition to all sales where both parties are “private”, the price-val

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

La legge n. 52 del 1996 ha introdotto nel nostro ordinamento delle norme protettive dei consumatori nei rapporti contrattuali con i professionisti.Ai sensi dell'art. 1469 bis del Codice civile si definisce ""consumatore"" la persona fisica che agisce per scopi estranei all'attività imprenditoriale o professionale eventualmente svolta; mentre ""professionista"" è la persona fisica o giuridica, pubblica o privata, che, nel quadro delle sua attività di impresa o professionale, utilizza il

A foreigner may set up a company in Italy, create an association, or undertake any other operation on the same conditions mentioned for the purchase of a house. With one caveat: reciprocity may exist only with regard to certain matters. If, for example, in a particular country an Italian may set up a company but not buy a house, a foreigner from that country (not officially resident in Italy) may set up a company in Italy but not buy a house.

The sale contract includes the personal data of both the vendor and the purchaser, including their fiscal codes, the description of the property to be transferred with an indication of its location, its nature and its boundaries, as well as its identification at the land titles office and a number of obligatory pieces of information regarding town planning and building regulations. The vendor must declare whether the property was built before 1 September 1967; if the building took place a

These make it possible to record transactions on-line with both the Territorial Offices (Land Registry) and the Taxation Department, as well as with the Chambers of Commerce (Companies Registry). It is also possible to provide input on-line for the publication of notices in the Official Gazette.

La loi complète et renforce ultérieurement la protection de l’acquéreur en étendant également au promettant acquéreur le droit de fractionner l’emprunt immobilier et l’hypothèque sur le bien immobilier en construction, et  l’interdiction qui s’en suit de procéder à la vente avant la subdivision en quote-parts du financement et le fractionnement ou la radiation hypothécaire ou la saisie, si non endossées (articles 7 et 8). Ceci ouvre donc un droit de prélation en faveur des acquéreurs de l

The Decree does not apply in general to all real estate transactions but only to those negotiations of buildings where the seller (called “builder”) sells a building that he or others have built (Article 1, paragraph 1, letter b). Hence the law applies not only to purchases from a builder (an individual or a firm), but also to the person or firm that sells a building built by a third party. According to the Decree a “purchaser” is an individual who purchases a building or who, even though

When does one need a notary? The areas covered by Italian notaries are mainly:a) the purchase of a house or other real property;b) the formalization of a mortgage contract with a Bank;c) the preparation of powers of attorney so as to be represented by a third party;d) changes to property arrangements between spouses;e) applications to a court for authorizations regarding minor children;f) donation of assets;g) setting up of and changes to companies, and all relevant legal documents;h) acceptance

As has been seen above, in order to determine the type of tax and the amount and means of payment of the sums due for duties on the purchase of a so-called primary residence, one must first of all take into account the nature of the vendor. When the vendor is the company that built (or renovated) the property and four years have not elapsed since completion, the conveyance is subject to VAT that the purchaser must pay directly to the company and not to the notary, along with the payment o

If a married person wishes to sell a property, it is necessary to check whether or not the consent of the other spouse is needed; If a minor or a person not of sound mind is the owner of an asset, a judge's authorization is needed for the sale as well as the intervention of that person's tutor or parent or legal representative; the same thing applies for a purchase by such persons; If an inherited asset is the common property of several heirs, before selling his share an heir must firs

Only legal security in business and private relationships allow for economic development; therefore a constitutional state must guarantee  legal security to its citizens. To this goal: 1) lawsuits  must be prevented, for as much as possible; 2) the citizens must have access  to public registers whose records are reliable and legally trustworthy. Clearly the reliability of the findings depends entirely upon the trustworthiness of the deeds entered. An authentic deed, drawn by a

A joint-stock company must be set up through a public deed which must clearly indicate who the parties to the contract are. Such parties may be individuals but also legal entities (as for instance other joint-stock companies, partnerships, cooperatives or other bodies).The Memorandum of Association must indicate the Municipality in which the company has its registered office, which is where it operates, and the name of the company which must contain the wording “"società per azioni" or "s.p.

Any change, even only a purely formal change, in the clauses of the by-laws of a company is considered to be an amendment to the by-laws.  As a rule this competence belongs to the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting and the relevant decision must be written in the minutes by a notary public and then registered with the Register of Companies.The decision must be taken by a majority vote, any clause in the bylaws setting forth that unanimity is required to change the Memorandum of Association

If the parties wish to join forces by setting up a partnership, they can do this also by setting up a limited partnership (hereafter referred to as an s.a.s.).In general, the s.a.s. is governed by rules that govern the general partnership (for which in turn, reference is made to the rules laid down for informal partnerships), except for the specific provisions which will be examined below.Such a partnership is characterised by the presence of two categories of partners:- unlimited partners,

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

La société à responsabilité limitée est fondamentalement destinée à des entreprises à dimensions plus réduites par rapport à la société par actions, et la participation sociale peut maintenir un profil personnel qu’on ne retrouve généralement pas dans la s.p.a.. La société se compose en effet habituellement d’un nombre réduit d’associés qui ne sont pas personnellement responsables des dettes sociales, même s’ils ont agi au nom et pour le compte de la société.La législation en vigueur depuis le p

La società a responsabilità limitata è destinata ad imprese di dimensioni più ridotte rispetto alla società per azioni, e la partecipazione sociale è connotata da un profilo personalistico, assente nella s.p.a.. Infatti, la compagine sociale di norma è composta da un numero ristretto di soci, che non sono responsabili personalmente per le obbligazioni sociali, anche se hanno agito in nome e per conto della società.La legislazione in vigore dal primo gennaio 2004 ha inciso in modo particolarm

Dissolution of general partnerships is determined by the causes already mentioned and described with reference to informal partnership,  to which the reader is explicitly referred.However, other specific causes of dissolution of the s.n.c. are the latter’s bankruptcy, and a provision by a government authority laying down the compulsory administrative winding up of the partnership.

The board of statutory auditors is the audit body of the joint-stock companies that adopt the traditional system:  it has the task of monitoring the company’s compliance with the law and the Memorandum of Association and has a supervisory function with regard to the actions of management. The Board of Auditors only exceptionally exercise accountancy control  and they do so only in closed companies, that is, companies which do not have recourse to the venture capital market, and only if envis

The rules applying to limited partnerships are in many ways similar to those that govern informal  partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).However in limited partnerships, only the unlimited partners can be directors and legal representatives of the company.

With the provisions that entered into force as of 1 January 2004, the dissolution of companies with share capital is governed by new rules.A company may be dissolved because: its term of duration has expired,  the corporate aims have been achieved or circumstances have set in that make it impossible to achieve them, the shareholders’ meeting cannot or will not function, the share capital has dropped to values below the minimum legal requirements (but the company may decide to reconstitute th

La loi en vigueur depuis le premier janvier 2004 a mis en place une nouvelle réglementation de la dissolution de la société de capitaux.Les causes de la dissolution sont la survenance du terme prévu, la réalisation de l’objet social ou l’impossibilité constatée de le poursuivre, l’impossibilité de fonctionner ou l’inactivité continue de l’assemblée, la réduction du capital en dessous du seuil légal, à moins que la société ne décide de le reconstituer ou de se transformer en un autre type de soci

Lo scioglimento delle società di capitali ha ricevuto con la normativa in vigore dal primo gennaio 2004 una disciplina rinnovata.Le cause di scioglimento consistono nel decorso del termine di durata, nel conseguimento dell’oggetto sociale o nella sopravvenuta impossibilità di conseguirlo, nell’impossibilità di funzionamento o nella continuata inattività dell’assemblea, nella riduzione del capitale al di sotto del minimo legale, salvo che la società non deliberi di ricostituirlo o di trasform

Following approval of the final settlement accounts, the liquidators must draw up a request to cancel the company from the Register of Companies, submit the cancellation request to the Office of the Register of Companies c/o the Chamber of Commerce of the province where the company is based. As a result of cancellation the company ceases to exist.

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

The Memorandum of Association must indicate the names of the unlimited partners. For all other aspects refer to the joint-stock company (please refer to the related paragraph).

In general, the winding up and liquidation of an s.a.s. is governed by the rules set forth for general partnerships, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).However, besides the causes of dissolution that are the same for an s.n.c., there is another cause that is exclusive of the s.a.s., namely when there is only one category of partners left.In fact, it is envisaged that the s.a.s. is to be dissolved when only limited partners or only unlimited partners remai

Limited partners are excluded, in principle, from managing the company.However, they may negotiate or conclude individual deals on behalf of the company, providing they have received a specific proxy or authorisation empowering them to do so.Each limited partner is responsible for social security liabilities in a degree that is proportionate to the contribution they made to the company. Accordingly he/she does not assume any other risks, except that of losing the value of the capital he/she

By law all unlimited partners are directors of the s.a.s..However, the Memorandum of Association may entrust the management to one or some of the unlimited partners, excluding the other unlimited partners from the management.Unlimited partners who are directors are governed by the same rules as those laid down for s.n.c. directors.Their liability is identical to that of the partners in an s.n.c., and is accordingly unlimited and joint, with the benefit that the corporate assets are used to p

The consortium company is a particular form of consortium which operates under the same rules as those that govern the consortium that carries out external activities, set up for carrying out activities jointly with third parties. So this type of entity is organised like a company but it also has the function of a consortium.There are also mixed consortium companies, where some members are not  entrepreneurs but their presence in the enterprise is deemed instrumental for achieving the purpos

La société consortiale est une forme particulière de consortium qui en matière de réglementation ne diffère pas du consortium actif vers l’extérieur, constituée pour entreprendre en commun des activités avec des tiers. Cette forme de société se présente donc dans la structure d’organisation comme une société à laquelle s’ajoute la fonction du consortium.Il est également possible de constituer des sociétés consortiales dites mixtes, auxquelles participent aussi des associés "non" entrepreneurs ma

It has already been said that the unlimited partners are by right members of the management body of the company (directors or management board in the ordinary and in the two-tier system respectively).For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

The functioning of the company with share capital, in its traditional model, is based on the necessary simultaneous presence of three bodies:  the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors and the board of statutory auditors, each of which has its own distinct sphere of competence. Accounts are audited by an auditor or by an audit firm, except for closed companies where this is decided in the By-laws.The shareholders’ meeting, which is a sovereign body since it is empowered to decide on

The rules applying to limited partnerships are similar in many respects to those that apply to informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).In addition, as regards subjective changes arising from the transfer of a partner’s capital share, a distinction needs to be made between the unlimited partner’s share and that of the limited partner.If one of the unlimited partners decides to transfer his/her capital share he may undoubtedly do so through a conveyance deed; however, unl

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Dans l’optique historique et normative, la société par actions est le prototype de la société de capitaux, et sa réglementation analytique est compatible avec, et donc applicable également à la société en commandite par actions et reprend dans une certaine mesure le modèle des normes sur la société à responsabilité limitée, qui, contrairement au système précédent, ne comporte cependant que des renvois sporadiques et limités aux normes en matière de société par actions, qui par conséquent ne peuv

Limited partnerships with share capital is a modified form of a company with share capital in which permanent directors manage the company who have unlimited liability, also contingent liability, for  social security liabilities. The provisions that are specific for this type of company are reduced to a few which concern above all the management of the company by the unlimited partners.    The peculiar characteristic of this type of company consists in the co-existence of two different group

La société en commandite par actions est une société par actions modifiée dans laquelle le pouvoir de gestion appartient aux administrateurs permanents qui assument en contrepartie de leur position dominante une responsabilité illimitée, encore que subsidiaire, des dettes sociales. La réglementation particulière de ce type de sociétés se réduit à quelques normes qui traitent surtout de l'administration de la société par les commandités.Ce qui distingue ce type de société, c’est la coexistence de

The rules governing general partnerships are similar in many respect to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

The dissolution and liquidation of an s.a.p.a. is governed in general by the rules put forth for companies with share capital and joint-stock companies, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).Besides the ordinary reasons for winding up a company with share capital, there is an additional reason which holds only for limited partnerships with share capital, i.e. the case in which all the unlimited partners step down from office and they are not replaced within

On the basis of the provisions in force as of 1 January 2004, the administration of joint-stock companies may be organised according to three separate models:  the traditional model, the monistic model (of Anglo-Saxon origin) and the two-tier model (of German origin).In the traditional model, the directors have the task of running the company, and are accordingly provided with the power of being pro-active i.e. promoting the decision-making activity of the meeting (power of initiative), of i

Special rules are laid down for the appointment and revocation of auditors and of the members of the supervisory board and, for the s.a.p.a. that are listed or subject to compulsory auditing, there are special rules for assigning or revoking the assignment to an audit firm.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

In general partnerships too it may happen that, in the course of the company’s existence, the partners may wish to amend the partnership deed.Unless otherwise agreed, such changes must be adopted unanimously (except for when the company is turned into a company with share capital, or when mergers or demergers are carried out),  and must be written in a public deed or in an authenticated private contract, just like the partnership deed, since the law prescribes that also these amendments must

The rules described for the s.n.c. also apply to the establishment of an s.a.s.The Memorandum of Association must comply with the same requirements, in form and content, as those laid down for the s.n.c.An additional requirement is that the unlimited partners and the limited partners be distinctly indicated.The Memorandum of Association of the s.a.s. are to be entered in the Register of Companies. If this is not done the partnership is irregular and the provisions that shall apply are less favou

Consortiums are formed between entrepreneurs who decide to set up a common enterprise for regulating and carrying different phases of their respective businesses. The consortiums too are of a mutual character, since the consortium’s activity is carried out in the interest of its member enterprises. “Regulating” given steps of the members’ enterprises is a typical function of internal consortiums, and may be non-competitive in nature, while the “carrying out” of given steps in the respecti

In particular, it is pointed out that there are different rules as compared with the s.p.a. for the adoption of certain decisions (amendments to the Memorandum of Association, revocation and replacement of directors, appointment and revocation of the members of the supervision board). Hence the need to seek the advice of a notary public.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Amendments to the Memorandum of Association must be approved not only by the extraordinary meeting but also by all the unlimited partners. The advice of the notary public may be useful in deciding on issues related to this mode of approval. For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Once upon a time it was enough to say that a foreigner was someone who was not an Italian citizen. This definition – to be clear – is still valid. Except that Article 17 of the EC Treaty institutes a citizenship of the European Union which is attributed to anyone who is a citizen of a Member State. Belonging to the European Union brings with it various consequences, some of which are very important, like the prohibition on

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Les sociétés coopératives sont des organismes protégés par la Constitution: l’article 45 de la Constitution dit en effet que "la constitution reconnaît la fonction sociale de la coopération à caractère mutualiste et sans but de spéculation privée".Dans les coopératives c’est la fonction sociale qui joue un rôle prédominant, puisqu’elle veut réaliser une décentralisation démocratique du pouvoir d’organisation et de gestion de la production et, par la même occasion, une diffusion majeure et plus é

The rules governing general partnerships are in may respects similar to those laid down for informal partnerships (please refer to the related paragraph).

Informal partnerships are the most elementary form of enterprise.The fundamental characteristic of an informal partnership is that the scope of its activities is limited to non-commercial profit-making economic activities.The scope of an informal partnership may therefore include:- agricultural activities, with certain limitations because:   the purpose of the enterprise cannot be merely that of using assets, but must consist in the joint operation of a business activity;  taci

Take the case in which the company has lost capital. What is the company allowed to do?In this connection the law envisages that, in case of losses, the company cannot distribute profits among the partners until the capital has been reduced or replenished by the corresponding amount.However, unlike what happens for companies with share capital, there is no obligation to reduce the capital whatever the amount of the losses incurred, even if the latter are such as to wipe out the  entire capit

I trust permettono ad un soggetto (detto settlor o disponente) di affidare la proprietà e la gestione di un dato bene ad un dato altro soggetto (detto trustee)

Il trust è un istituto di origine anglosassone di tradizioni pluricentenarie, che si è radicato e sviluppato nei Paesi di Common law (vale a dire appunto quelli di matrice giuridica non derivata dal diritto romano, i quali si definiscono, invece, come sistemi di Civil law), avendo trovato nelle peculiari caratteristiche di tali ordinamenti il terreno fertile per la sua crescita. In quel contesto infatti il trust svolge una molteplicità di funzioni che non sono facilmente qualificabili operan

Con la recente introduzione nel codice civile del nuovo articolo 2645-ter, è stato sancito che, mediante atto pubblico, determinati beni immobili e mobili registrati possono essere destinati “alla realizzazione di interessi meritevoli di tutela” per una durata non superiore a novant’anni o per la durata della vita della persona fisica beneficiaria.In altri termini, “imprimendo” su determinati beni questo vincolo di destinazione (che viene trascritto nei pubblici registri ove sono iscritti i

Solo dall’inizio degli anni ’90, prima assi timidamente, poi in modo sempre più effettivo, il trust ha fatto la sua “comparsa” nel nostro ordinamento. In precedenza il trust era considerato come una “stranezza” inglese o americana, a noi per lo più incomprensibile e comunque estranea; da quando la ratifica italiana della Convenzione dell’Aja l’ha alfine sdoganato, una parte di coloro che vi si sono avvicinati è stata attirata, se non da un fenomeno “alla moda”, dal miraggio di poterne fare u

Le relative modalità, nonché la disciplina del rapporto sociale sono regolate secondo il principio di non discriminazione, compatibilmente con la forma giuridica dell'ente.Gli atti costitutivi devono prevedere la facoltà dell'istante che dei provvedimenti di diniego di ammissione o di esclusione possa essere investita l'assemblea dei soci.

Negli enti associativi, la nomina della maggioranza dei componenti delle cariche sociali non può essere riservata a soggetti esterni alla organizzazione che esercita l'impresa sociale , salvo quanto specificamente previsto per ogni tipo di ente dalle norme legali e statutarie e compatibilmente con la sua natura.Non possono rivestire cariche sociali soggetti nominati da imprese private con finalità lucrative e da amministrazioni pubbliche.L'atto costitutivo deve prevedere specifici requisiti

All'attività di direzione e controllo di un'impresa sociale sono applicabili, in quanto compatibili, le disposizioni in tema di direzione e coordinamento delle società (artt. 2497 - 2497-septies c.c. e articolo 2545-septies c.c.).Si considera, in ogni caso, esercitante attività di direzione e controllo il soggetto che , per previsioni statutarie o per qualsiasi altra ragione, abbia la facoltà di nomina della maggioranza degli organi di amministrazione.I gruppi di imprese sociali sono tenuti

Il proprietario degli edifici riconosciuti di interesse storico o artistico dichiara la rendita catastale calcolata applicando la minore tra le tariffe di estimo previste per le abitazioni della zona censuaria nella quale il fabbricato è ubicato.In altri termini, non si deve prendere a riferimento la rendita che compare negli atti catastali. Dal certificato catastale occorre desumere solo il numero dei vani di cui una data unità immobiliare si compone. Desunto tale numero, lo si deve moltipl

Il reddito delle unità immobiliari non ancora iscritte in Catasto (o già iscritte, ma che hanno subìto mutamenti tali da dover essere riaccatastate) è determinato, invece, comparativamente a quello delle unità similari già iscritte, con attribuzione della "rendita presunta".

Per gli immobili dati in locazione (con canone "libero" o determinato mediante i "patti in deroga"), occorre fare una comparazione tra il reddito risultante in Catasto e quello effettivo percepito riscuotendo i canoni di locazione (questo meccanismo invece non si applica alle locazioni soggette a "equo canone"). Quindi, qualora il canone risultante dal contratto di locazione  (comprendente anche l'eventuale rivalutazione automatica sulla base dell'indice Istat e la maggiorazione spettante in

IL PATTO DI FAMIGLIA 1. IntroduzioneCon l’introduzione nel nostro ordinamento del “patto di famiglia”, istituto da tempo atteso e caldeggiato, la trasmissione della ricchezza familiare, prevalentemente rappresentata dall’impresa e/o caratterizzata da una predominante dimensione mobiliare, può essere oggi programmata con lungimiranza.Per lungo (forse troppo) tempo le norme che nel nostro ordinamento disciplinano le successioni mortis causa sono rimaste del tutto indifferent

Il trust "interno" è valido (a meno che non abbia intenti abusivi o fraudolenti), non contrasta con norme imperative e con principi di ordine pubblico e ha l'effetto di segregare i beni del trust rispetto al restante patrimonio del trustee: è quanto ha deciso dal Tribunale di Bologna in una sentenza del 1° ottobre 2003. Non è difficile immaginare che qualsiasi trattazione del trust non potrà più prescindere da questa sentenza: seppur si tratti di una pronuncia di merito, inevitabilmente la n

Chi ha contatti con l'ambiente economico inglese o americano, o anche solo con amici di quei Paesi, sente parlare di trust. Spesso i trust compaiono sulla stampa finanziaria (di recente, i trust per la gestione delle obbligazioni Cirio) e nella stampa di costume (il trust di Onassis, con le tante liti che ha originato). Grandi musei appartengono a trust, l'intero patrimonio dei Rockfeller è in trust, ma anche la massaia americana dispone delle proprie sostanze per mezzo di un trust, che si s

Una delle regole fondamentali del nostro sistema giuridico è quella, codificata nell'articolo 2740 del Codice civile, per effetto della quale ciascun soggetto risponde delle proprie obbligazioni con tutti i propri beni presenti e futuri; in altri termini, a garanzia dei creditori e della loro parità di trattamento, il patrimonio di ciascuna persona (sia quello attualmente posseduto, sia quello che verrà in futuro acquisito) è per intero "dedicato" a far fronte alle obbligazioni che gravino s

I trust dei quali si ha notizia (non esiste per essi alcuna forma di registrazione) possono essere divisi in due grandi categorie: quelli di interesse familiare e quelli di interesse imprenditoriale o finanziario, con una netta prevalenza numerica dei primi. Tra i primi vanno compresi quelli destinati ad assistere soggetti deboli e quelli che preordinano una successione ereditaria, forse i più frequenti. Tra i secondi, la tipologia sembra più varia: garanzia di un prestito obbligazionario, i

TRUST - -Trust - Ires - Imposta di registro

TRUST- Trust - Vincoli di destinazione

IMPOSTE - Imposta di registro all'1% - Piano urbanistico particolareggiato

COMPRAVENDITA - Atto pubblico - Semplificazioni

PATTO DI FAMIGLIA - Profili civilistici (1)

In carrying out its business, the company can use distinctive features such as a name, sign-board and trademark.The name characterizes the entrepreneur in exercising the company’s business, the trademark identifies and distinguishes the goods and services produced by a company and the sign-board identifies the premises where the business is carried out.

The individual partnership may be resolved following the exclusion of a partner from the company.In some cases this occurs by law (e.g. in cases of bankruptcy), while in other cases the exclusion is decided by the other partners, when circumstances envisaged by the law or by the  partnership contract occur. Your Notary public will describe such cases to you.In all the cases examined thus far in which the relationship of a single partner ends as a result of death, withdrawal or exclusion, the

Let us take the case in which the Parties decide to undertake an entrepreneurial activity by setting up  a partnership.What would the general characteristics of such a company be?First of all, as regards the unlimited and joint liability of the partners:- in the case of a general partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability;- in the case of an informal partnership, all the partners have unlimited and joint liability, but there can be an agreement whereby the partners who

Duration is not an essential element for the establishment of partnerships. The parties may also expressly agree on indefinite duration.When a date of termination is envisaged, then on that date the company can be dissolved.The termination date may be modified or eliminated by the partners via:- express extension. In this case all the partners expressly decide on a new date of termination or on continuing the company’s life indefinitely;- tacit extension. If, after the date of termination th

La durata delle società di persone - Il termine di durata non è elemento essenziale per la costituzione delle società di persone. Le parti possono anche pattuire espressamente la durata indeterminata.Il termine, quando è previsto, determina, al suo verificarsi, lo scioglimento della società.Il termine può essere modificato o rimosso per volontà dei soci mediante:- proroga espressa. In questo caso tutti i soci espressamente decidono di porre un nuovo termine o di continuare la società a te

The corporate assets are the company’s assets and liabilities.  Initially they are made up of the contributions offered or promised by the partners.  During its life-time the corporate assets undergo changes depending on the business activities carried out. The assets and liabilities are audited regularly through the drawing up of the annual balance sheet.The net worth is the positive difference between assets and liabilities.The corporate assets also have the function of providing the compa

If for any reason a partner no longer wishes to belong to the company, he may exercise the right of withdrawal.In particular, if the company was set up for an indefinite period of time or for the lifetime of one of the partners, each partner may withdraw freely.Otherwise, if the company is for a definite period of time, withdrawal is admitted by law only in the case of a just cause.The partnership contract may in any case envisage other circumstances in which a partner may withdraw, specifyi

La donazione è un atto rischioso e richiede l’assistenza di un professionista esperto:a) perché la donazione anticipa la vostra successione;b) perché la donazione è un atto tendenzialmente definitivo. Donare, è donare! Una donazione è irrevocabile, come tutti i contratti. Il donante non può più riprendere ciò che ha donato, neppure se successivamente si penta del suo gesto o se i rapporti tra le parti siano cambiati dopo l'atto di donazione. Tuttavia, la donazione, come tutti i contrat

The management of a company is the activity of running the corporate enterprise. The power of management is the power of carrying out any activity that falls within the scope of the corporate purpose.When the management of the company falls on more than one partner (all or some), and the partnership contract makes no provision on how the power of management is to be exercised, then the notion of  separate management shall apply:  each partner is a director, that is, he has the power of manag

In  share capital companies the financial autonomy is perfect in that the shareholders are accountable for the debts of the company only in proportion to the share they hold.This means:- that the personal creditors of a shareholder can never receive payment from the company;- that creditors of the company, in turn, can never expect the members to use their personal assets to pay for the company’s debts.The financial circumstances of the shareholder of a company with share capital will never

Carrying out an economic activity jointly in the form of a company is aimed at making a profit (objective profit) subsequently to be shared among the shareholders (subjective profit).  The companies that pursue this aim are called profit-making companies (partnerships and companies with share capital).There are however other types of companies (cooperatives) which by law pursue a mutual aim that is different from profit-making.Their typical aim is to provide the members with direct advantage

Il cittadino che intende accedere ad un mutuo ipotecario, ad es. per acquistare o ristrutturare l'abitazione, anzitutto si preoccupa degli aspetti economici del contratto che si propone di stipulare: Si offrono di seguito alcuni generici consigli.1) l'interesse del mutuo può essere determinato in misura fissa o variabile: preferisce il primo, di massima, colui che ritiene che il costo del denaro aumenterà nel periodo di durata del mutuo; se così sarà, avrà fatto un "buon affare", perché la sua r

Contributions are the assets that the partners are obliged to provide under the partnership deed.In other terms, the contributions are the resources that the partners contribute to create the initial assets of the company.It is their function to provide the company with the initial capital required to carry out the company’s activity.Through the contribution each partner allocates a part of his personal assets to the common activity throughout the lifetime of the company and takes on the ent

In setting up a company, it is desirable to be assisted by a notary who will help you choose the form of company that, from the organizational standpoint, is best suited to achieving the corporate purpose.From the organizational point of view, companies can be distinguished into the following types:a. PartnershipsThese include:- informal partnerships;- general partnerships;- limited partnerships. b. Companies limited by shares These comprise:- joint-stoc

Lorsqu’on souhaite s’associer avec d’autres sujets pour donner vie à une société il faudra établir, en ayant aussi recours à l’aide du propre notaire de confiance, quelle est la forme de société qui mieux s’y prête du point de vue de l’organisation, et compte tenu des objectifs qu’on entend poursuivre.Dans l’optique de l’organisation, les sociétés appartiennent aux différents types ci-dessous: Sociétés de personnes - les sociétés simples;- les sociétés en nom collecti

In order to do business often huge investments are required and often a single person may not have that amount of financial means. Doing business through a company enables several people to invest and work together so that each individual may then enjoy the benefits of the activity carried out proportionately to the amount of work done and to the quota of investments made.A participation (share or quota) of the capital of the company is assigned to the partner in return for the assets he has

Members may withdraw from the company.  Causes of withdrawal are:  death of the member, voluntary withdrawal and exclusion.One or more partners may withdraw from the company, without this entailing the winding up of the company.

In its Memorandum of Association each company must indicate an office address where it will presumably carry out its administrative and management activities.The company may set up one or more branch offices where it carries out its business, with an organizational and administrative autonomy, and normally with a stable representative.

The share capital is a numerical entity that expresses the value of the contributions in monetary terms, as indicated by the valuation expressed in the Memorandum of Association.A share capital of 100 means that the partners have committed to contributing (underwritten capital) and/or have contributed (fully paid-up capital) money or other entities which at the time of the signing of the partnership deed, were attributed that given monetary value.The share capital remains unchanged throughou

The company is of Italian nationality when the incorporation procedures have been completed in Italy and the company has been registered with the Register of Companies.As such an Italian company is subject to the organizational and tax regulations set forth in Italian Law.

It is extremely simple to set up an informal partnership:- the contract needs not be of any special type, except where special types of assets are involved (and except for evidentiary limitations);- all that is needed to set up an informal partnership is the mutual engagement by the partners to jointly carry out a non-commercial profit-making activity;- informal partnerships must be entered into the register of companies. Such registration takes place in a special section and does not imply