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FATTO

Further comment has appeared on the England and Wales Family Court's decision to pierce the corporate veil in the financial remedy case of Akhmedova v Akhmedov (2018 EWFC 23 Fam). The judge considered it necessary to go against the long-standing legal principle, in response to Farkhad Akhmedov's 'continuing campaign to defeat his ex-wife by concealing his assets in a web of offshore companies', and issued orders to aid her enforcement of the judgment in the Isle of Man and Dubai FATTO

ESTATE DISPUTES: Some important judgments from last month

The Privy Council has handed down judgment in Investec Trust (Guernsey) v Glenalla Properties (2018 UKPC 7), in which the former trustees of the Tchenguiz Discretionary Trust had made loans of over GBP200 million to various BVI companies.

Trustees cannot simply brush aside beneficiaries' request for information

NETHERLANDS: Measures against 'letterbox companies' seek to improve country's reputation

PHILANTHROPY: Ikea's late founder structured business as three foundations

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Legislation this summer on register of foreign property-owners

INTERNATIONAL - FRANCE: Wealth property tax has significant effects for non-residents

The Japanese government's 2018 tax reform bill abolishes the recently introduced rule under which the heirs of a long-term resident foreigner who died outside Japan remain liable to Japanese inheritance tax (IHT) on estate assets anywhere in the world. The rule had threatened to derail the government's efforts to attract foreign talent to live and work in Japan, because it meant IHT liability could follow a foreign national for up to five years after leaving the country.

SOCIETA ' - Concordato per le società acquisite tramite leveraged buy out

TRUST - LUXEMBOURG: Movement on beneficial ownership registers

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Alarm over extension of property taxes to non-residents

COMPRAVENDITA - NEW ZEALAND: Government tightens ban on foreigners' land purchases

TRUST - NETHERLANDS: Tougher regulation of trust offices

MUTUI - La Guida di Banca d'Italia al mutuo ipotecario in lingua inglese

WEALTH MANAGEMENT - JERSEY: Success for plaintiffs in USD200 million Crociani case

'Foundation company' vehicle established in Cayman Islands

INTERNATIONAL - UK, TRUSTS: online trusts register is delayed

INTERNATIONAL - HONG KONG: Multiple property stamp duty gap axed

VAT - Transfer of ownership of land in settlement of tax arrears

AUSTRALIA: New tax on foreign owners of unoccupied homes

INTERNATIONAL - INDIA: Highest court rules that three days per year is enough to create permanent establishment

INTERNATIONAL - UK: Doubts cast on non-dom reforms' commencement date

INTERNATIONAL - Cayman Islands: Beneficial ownership regime ready for launch

INTERNATIONAL - European Union: Taxation at source must take into account non-resident taxpayer's domestic costs

SOCIETA' - Arbitrato societario

The italian Notary

La nuova disciplina del patto di famiglia prevede una pluralità di operazioni per realizzare lo scopo della trasmissione generazionale dell’ azienda di famiglia:a) il trasferimento dell’azienda o delle partecipazioni al capitale sociale da parte dell’imprenditore ad alcuno dei suoi discendenti;b) la liquidazione degli altri familiari non continuatori dell’impresa di famiglia da parte dell’imprenditore che dona l’azienda oppure da parte dei discendenti che hanno conseguito l’attribuzione dell

The civil law notary is at one and the same time a public official representing the State, and a professional expert in the juridical field. He/she is appointed by the Ministry of Justice and is assigned by the latter to a single Municipality, although, if required, he/she is empowered to carry out his/her functions throughout the territory of the District in which the place he/she is assigned to is located, coinciding approximately with that of the Province. Accordingly, although he/s

It often happens that, after a prospective property has been inspected and chosen, substantial agreement is reached with the other party even if this is not yet formalized in written form. It is advisable to contact a notary at this early stage before signing the preliminary contract (the so-called “compromesso”). In the preliminary contract, both signatories undertake to stipulate the definitive sale contract by a certain date and on given conditions. The preliminary agreement (even i

Vous trouverez ici à titre d’exemple les points obligatoires à inclure dans une proposition de vente ou d’achat et dans un avant-contrat de mutation onéreuse: - la description précise du bien ou des biens;- l’identification exacte du propriétaire ou des propriétaires et de l’acquéreur ou des acquéreurs;- les obligations du vendeur et de l’acheteur;- le prix de la vente et les modalités de paiement;- les conditions de la transaction et les garanties qui l’accompagnent;- les documents indiq

Notaries and business

For many years now, in Italy and throughout the world,  the associative phenomenon has encountered ever greater consideration, in addition to a growing enthusiasm. The explanation of this progressive attention may be found in the ever more widespread awareness that the ideas, dreams and projects that each individual nourishes in the course of his/her existence may be concretely expressed, not only through acting in isolation, also by following a path which leads a number of persons to join f

En Italie et dans le monde, le phénomène associatif jouit, depuis de nombreuses années désormais, d’une considération particulièrement ample, et d’un enthousiasme croissant. Cette attention généralisée s’explique par la conscience, largement répandue, que les idées, les rêves et les projets que tout individu forme tout au long de son existence peuvent se concrétiser, non seulement par des actions individuelles, mais aussi à travers un parcours conduisant plusieurs personnes à conjuguer leurs

Notaries have as their essential mission to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients in various areas of law

Assistenza e consulenza di finanza straordinaria sono fondamentali al giorno d’oggi per gestire in maniera ottimale la propria impresa e raggiungere gli obiettivi di medio-lungo periodo prefissati. Le aziende che abbiano dei concreti programmi di sviluppo, possono usufruire di una consulenza di finanza straordinaria per affrontare diverse problematiche, intraprendere operazioni finanziarie e molto altro ancora. Tra le numerose attività di finanza straordinaria, è possibile annoverare la valutazi

La loi prévoit à ce propos deux "attestations" différentes aux fins de la "certification de performance énergétique": - le certificat de qualification énergétique devant jouer le rôle d’instrument de contrôle consécutif du respect, au moment de la construction ou de la rénovation des bâtiments, des dispositions visant une amélioration des performances énergétiques (article 8, deuxième alinéa); - le certificat de performance énergétique, qui jouera un rôle d’instrument d’"information" d

La réglementation transitoire, qui trouvera application en attendant que la réglementation normative soit promulguée, est régie par l’article 11, alinéa 1-bis du décret législatif 192/2005, en vigueur depuis le 2 février 2007, après introduction par le décret législatif 311/2006; cette norme dit que, tant qu’on n’aura pas promulgué les normes réglementaires qui permettront de rédiger le certificat de performance énergétique des bâtiments, celui-ci sera remplacé à tous les effets (et donc aus

Les actes notariés peuvent être des actes publics ou des actes sous seing privé authentifiés. L’acte public doit être rédigé par le notaire, alors que l’acte sous seing privé peut également être rédigé par d’autres (en fait, par quiconque). Le code de déontologie notariale établit que, même lorsque le notaire est appelé à authentifier un acte sous seing privé rédigé par d’autres (soit par les parties soit par des professionnels ou d’autres personnes de confiance), il doit s’assurer que ce

Notaries provide the community with a complex service, they carry out a public function of the State within the framework of an independent profession. The notarial deed not only regulates transactions between parties, but it provides added value in at least three respects: - a contract signed before a notary is unchallengable and hence it avoids expensive and time-consuming litigation procedures; - it is enforceable and hence it can be used to recover credits and it constitutes pri

Le notaire, outre à devoir s’assurer de la volonté des parties et leur conseiller le contrat ou l’acte le plus approprié pour atteindre le résultat pratique qu’elles se fixent, peut exercer une activité de conseil par laquelle il peut même influer sur la volonté des parties, en la dirigeant vers un résultat pratique autre que celui initialement voulu, s’il le juge opportun pour équilibrer les intérêts en jeu ou éviter des actes violant la loi ou dont les effets ne seraient pas clairs pour le

Posez la question en interrogeant les passants. Le plus souvent, on vous répondra, soit «c’est un professionnel libéral dont on peut se fier», soit «il gagne beaucoup d’argent». En écoutant l’opinion  publique, on perçoit deux éléments essentiels du rôle du notaire, que l’on distingue déjà bien que dans un rôle mineur, lorsque, dans une émission télévisée, le notaire est là pour assurer que tout se passe correctement et que personne ne triche. Le premier est la confiance, qui s’appu

Les parties doivent choisir le notaire de commun accord ou, en l’absence d’accord, c’est la partie tenue au paiement des honoraires et au remboursement des frais anticipés par le notaire qui doit faire ce choix. Dans les actes notariés auxquels participent des organismes publics ou des banques, si le coût de l’acte notarié n’est pas à leur charge, la règle veut que le choix du notaire soit confié à l’autre partie, sauf motif justifié. Le choix du notaire ne doit pas être imposé par d’a

The notarial profession has always been, and continues to be, one that is more than ready to adopt new technology. It is sufficient to recall that from the 1960s on, any and all notaries' offices moved rapidly from traditional typewriters and duplicators to the most sophisticated photocopiers and PCs with large-capacity memories. The reason for notaries' particular attention to technological developments of this kind is evident. For over 2000 years the notary's job has been to create and con

«D’autant plus notaire, d’autant moins juge». Avec cette phrase, un célèbre juriste (Carnelutti) a défini la fonction essentielle du notaire (c’est là la plus importante activité que la loi confie au notaire). Dés lors plus le notaire accompli scrupuleusement son travail, à savoir vérifier et interpréter la volonté des parties (des personnes) qui concluent un contrat et rédiger conformément à la loi et avec clarté les clauses qui s’y rattachent, moins il est nécessaire d’avoir recours au

Since 12 September 2002, the Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato has been registered in the public list of certifiers of digital signatures held by AIPA, as the certification authority for Italian notaries. The digital signatures of Italian notaries may be verified on the site http://ca.notariato.it. Based on the rules and the certification authority's operations manual, CNN certifies notaries' digital signatures in the exercise of their functions and so guarantees to third parties not only

Le Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (C.N.N.) est l’ordre professionnel de la catégorie. Il se compose de vingt notaires, directement élus par tous les notaires en exercice, pour un mandat d’une durée de trois ans; ne sont consentis que deux mandats consécutifs. Les mêmes modalités sont suivies pour l’élection des trois membres du Collège des Commissaires aux comptes. Suite à leur installation, les vingt conseillers élus désignent le Président, le Vice Président, le Sécrétaire et le Co

L’acte notarié doit être clair et complet, de manière que les parties puissent en comprendre le contenu et les effets juridiques. Par conséquent, dans la rédaction des actes notariés il faut éviter les termes (mots) et clauses de style ne correspondant pas à une réelle volonté des parties ou n’ayant pas un sens juridique précis. En outre, en choisissant les termes à employer, il faut autant que possible donner la préférence, quand bien même en respectant la précision du langage juridique,

Le notaire italien appartient à la famille des notariats de type latin, présents dans 76 nations et dans la plupart des pays européens, tels que la France, l’Allemagne, la Suisse, l’Espagne, les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, l’Autriche, et d’autres encore. Le notary public de type anglo-saxon (présent en Grande-Bretagne, aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays) n’est responsable que de l’authenticité des signatures: ce qui oblige lors de l’achat ou de la vente d’un logement chacune des parties à re

The vendor has the right to receive the full amount of the agreed price from the purchaser at the time the sale contract is settled. Frequently the vendor has already received an advance payment on that price, generally as a deposit: in that case he will have the right to receive the difference to make up the full agreed price. The vendor has the option to allow the purchaser a deferral of payment, with or without interest. It is up to the discretion of the vendor (based on the trust h

Mention must be made of the distinction between real rates and nominal rates. The nominal rate is the percentage of interest that formally appears in the contract and which regulates the home loan operation. In reality, however, the effective cost of the loan is inevitably conditioned by a whole series of other factors: first of all, by various expense items  (survey, review and closure expenses; collection or encashment expenses; third-party agency costs; tax and insurance expenses; othe

Il est utile d’évoquer brièvement la différence entre taux réel et taux nominal. Le taux nominal est le pourcentage d’intérêts qui paraît décidé formellement dans le contrat et sur lequel l’opération de crédit est gérée. En réalité, le coût effectif de l’emprunt est cependant inévitablement conditionné par toute une série d’autres facteurs: tout d’abord par différents éléments de frais (frais d’enquête, de révision, de clôture; frais de recouvrement ou d’encaissement; frais de médiation p

The rate of interest is usually set in percentage terms; it may be fixed, which means it is the same for the whole duration of the loan, or variable, which means it is determined with reference to changing parameters that are set by objective, impartial criteria. For example, Euribor is an average quotation for variable rates calculated using objective criteria in the EU financial markets; while I.R.S. (interest instalments swap) is the financial reference parameter for establishing the cost

La législation réglementant cette situation est extrêmement complexe, et peut être résumée en gros en se référant à un profil subjectif et un profil objectif. Du premier point de vue, il convient de souligner qu’il y a principalement deux types d’impôts attachés à la transaction immobilière: le droit d’enregistrement (et les droits hypothécaires et cadastraux relatifs) et la TVA. Que l’un ou l’autre de ces droits soit exigé dépend principalement, mais pas exclusivement de la qualificat

One of the essential elements in the negotiation of a home loan is the delay allowed for  repayment of the capital, i.e. the duration. In general terms, one may say that the longer the duration of a home loan the lower the amount of each repayment instalment, which gives the borrower more breathing space; all this, however, means paying overall a larger amount in  interest, precisely because the capital is repaid more slowly. The practice also is that a longer duration

Un des éléments essentiels de la négociation d’un contrat de prêt est l’échelonnement accordé pour la restitution du capital prêté, donc la durée. On peut dire en termes généraux qu’une durée plus longue de l’emprunt comporte une diminution relative du montant de chaque tranche d’amortissement, ce qui diminue la pression sur l’emprunteur; d’autre part, tout ceci comporte globalement le paiement d’un montant plus élevé en termes d’intérêts, précisément parce que le capital sera remboursé plus

A  "public officer" is a professional who performs "public functions". This means that he is vested by the State  with public authority and faith, which allows him to draw "authentic deeds"  (or "public deeds"). The “authentic deed” is the characteristic  "product" of the latin notary system. Even though  the notaries' discipline can show slight differences in  the different countries adopting the latin system, they all draw up authentic (public) deeds with the same legal meaning.

When purchasing a property (apartment, garage, commercial premises etc.) it is always necessary to check that it is in order from the point of view of the building ordinances, i.e. the existence of a building permit for its construction or “concessions” for any work subsequently carried out (it is often the case that work done without authorization was subsequently the subject of an amnesty by way of a corrective building concession).For vacant land, it is always important to check its statu

La principale obligation de l’acheteur est bien entendu celle de payer au vendeur le prix convenu au moment de la signature du contrat d’achat. Au cas où une certaine somme aurait été versée auparavant sous forme d’acompte ou d’arrhes, il devra évidemment payer la différence, c’est à dire le solde du prix. Il est admis que l’acheteur demande un échelonnement du paiement, mais il ne peut pas faire valoir le droit de l’obtenir du vendeur, puisqu’un tel accord dépend du pouvoir discrétionna

Italian law attempts to facilitate and encourage people to buy their own primary home (their so-called “primary residence” ["prima casa"]) through various reductions in taxes for the purchaser. Specifically, at the time of purchase, the purchaser pays 3% (stamp duty) if he buys from a private person or 4% (VAT) if he buys from a company (except for a few odd cases), plus a fixed charge for registering the transfer and mortgage (presently a total of Euro 336.00).A foreigner, too, may take advanta

La législation italienne souhaite faciliter et encourager l’acquisition de la résidence principale (dite “première habitation”en réduisant de différentes manières les impôts dus par l’acheteur.Plus précisément, au moment de l’achat, l’acheteur paie 3% (impôt de registre) s’il achète à un sujet privé, ou bien 4% (TVA) s’il achète à une entreprise ou une société (sauf dans certains cas particuliers), outre les taxes hypothécaires et cadastrales d’un montant fixe (égal au moment actuel à un tot

The purchase of a home is always an important step in our lives. Just as the sale of a property also carries significant overtones: from investment decisions, to the reordering of assets, to the need for generational change. Whether it be the purchase or the sale of a property, it is not something to be taken lightly. Indeed, these are extremely complex operations that are full of pitfalls and that cannot be undertaken without the advice of an expert. Are you aware of the rights and oblig

The new law that is discussed below, and in particular the duty to take out a surety bond, applies to all types of real estate negotiations and hence it applies to purchases, exchanges, divisions, allotments by cooperative companies …, also and in particular to all forms of agreement that are made before the purchase and actual delivery of the property, such as preliminary agreements, promises to sell, leasing contracts, unilateral promises, advance payments, …. (article 1, paragraph 1, lett

Il faut donc préciser que la nouvelle loi, et plus particulièrement l’obligation fidéjussoire que nous examinerons dans le détail ci-dessous, s’applique à presque tous les types de transactions immobilières, et donc, outre aux transferts de propriété de biens immobiliers, aux échanges, divisions, attributions par des sociétés coopératives, …. également et plus spécialement pour ce qui est des différents accords précédant l’acquisition et le transfert de propriété proprement dit, tels que les

In "land credit" contracts, the borrower has the legally-assured option of early repayment of the home loan; but generally, even in ordinary contracts, that possibility is foreseen. The borrower may decide, therefore, at a certain point in the repayment plan, to close out the contract and repay the remaining capital, on which obviously he will no longer pay interest. Given this loss of earnings, the bank could, if the contract so stipulates, demand compensation (a penalty). According to a

Home loans are generally guaranteed by a mortgage and so are the preserve, in our legal system, of the notary. The presence of the notarial profession has become more significant with the recent increase in the number of such contracts, a result of the lower cost of money (though this is still subject to fluctuations) and improvements in living standards that allow an ever greater number of citizens to aspire to the ownership of their home and often of a second home as well. Year after ye

Une loi qu’on attend depuis des années Au bout de longues années d’attente, le Journal Officiel (du 6 juillet 2005 n° 155) a enfin publié le décret législatif qui protège mieux ceux qui achètent un logement en cours de construction. Les innovations mises en place ont une portée sociale très forte:comme simple exemple, d’après les estimations de certaines associations de catégorie, plus de 200.000 familles italiennes ont été impliquées dans les milliers de faillites d’entreprises de constr

When someone dies it is advisable to immediately obtain information on the transfer of the succession, that is, it has to be ascertained whether the succession – in the case in point – will be regulated by the law (since the deceased person has not left a will) or else, wholly or in part, by a will.Death is a grave and important event, on the basis of which different provisions of the law may take effect, besides the will of the deceased;  in order to avoid even important unforeseen consequences

On entend par un acte étranger un acte rédigé et parachevé à l’étranger par une autorité étrangère, même s’il est en langue italienne, qui pour pouvoir servir en Italie a besoin d’une légalisation ou d’une apostille. Dans ce contexte, n’est pas “étranger” l’acte rédigé par des consulats ou des ambassades italiennes à l’étranger, même si les parties sont étrangères. Si l’acte étranger est rédigé en langue étrangère, il devra en outre être accompagné de sa “traduction”. Plus précisément,

In a property conveyance, right from what we have called the preparatory phase before the definitive contract, the notary plays a rather delicate and important role: determining whether in fact the vendor is free to sell the asset and whether the purchaser in his turn may legitimately acquire it. For example - to cite just a few of the more important aspects - the notary's tasks include certifying the personal identity of the parties (in other words that the vendor and hence the owner of

If the parties wish to set up an general partnership, they must respect the specific rules laid down in this regard by the Civil Code, bearing in mind, in any case that, for many aspects, the law refers the reader to the provisions regulating informal partnerships, which consequently apply equally to general partnerships. So that, in the light the foregoing, the present file foresees multiple referrals to the subjects already dealt with and developed with regard to the informal partners

A conveyance differs substantially from an exchange, a donation or a division. In an exchange, there is the reciprocal transfer of certain properties from one owner to another: basically, this means one property is exchanged for another but the exchange may also be accompanied by the passing of a sum of money as a balance if there is a difference in value between the properties exchanged. In a donation, there is always, as in the conveyance, the transfer of real estate, but there is no

Il doit s’agir de cessions sujettes à l’impôt de registre (à l’exclusion, donc, des cessions qui prévoient la TVA) à des personnes physiques n’agissant pas dans l’exercice d’activités commerciales, artistiques ou professionnelles. Sont donc également concernées par le prix-valeur les cessions effectuées par des sociétés, des entreprises ou des organismes, à condition qu’elles soient faites à des "personnes physiques" et que l’impôt de registre (et non à la TVA) trouve application. En d’autres te

Law no. 52 of 1996 introduced rules into the Italian legal system to protect the consumer in his contractual relations with professionals. In order to rationalize regulations which have been complicated by a long sequence of amendments, a Consumer Code was recently published (Legislative Decree no. 206 of 6 September 2005), which contains a thorough reworking of most of the consumer-protection rules. Article 3 of the Consumer Code defines a "consumer" as a physical individual who acts

La loi n° 52 de 1996 a introduit dans la législation italienne des normes de protection des consommateurs dans leurs relations contractuelles avec les professionnels. Pour rationaliser la réglementation, alourdie par de nombreuses interventions législatives successives, on a récemment promulgué le Code de la consommation (décret-loi du 6 septembre 2005 n° 206), qui contient un remaniement global de la majeure partie des normes visant la protection du consommateur. Aux termes de l'artic

A home loan is a contract whereby one party, called the lender (usually a bank), transfers a given sum of money to a second party known as the borrower, so that the latter may use it for a given time in exchange for paying the former an amount representing interest. To this outline of the essential structure and functions of the contract must be added that a home loan includes various clauses that are not always immediately comprehensible but are necessary for regulating all the relations

The sale contract includes the personal data of both the vendor and the purchaser, including their fiscal codes, the description of the property to be transferred with an indication of its location, its nature and its boundaries, as well as its identification at the land titles office and a number of obligatory pieces of information regarding town planning and building regulations. The vendor must declare whether the property was built before 1 September 1967; if the building took place a

Dans un contrat de transaction immobilière figurent les informations d’état civil du vendeur aussi bien que de l’acquéreur, y compris leur numéro d’identification fiscale, la description du bien objet de la mutation, avec l’indication de son emplacement, de sa nature et de ses confins, de même que sa désignation cadastrale et quelques informations obligatoires concernant l’urbanisme et la construction. Sous ce point, le vendeur doit déclarer si le bien immobilier en question a été constru

The Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato (C.N.N.) is the professional order of notaries. It is made up of 20 notaries directly elected by all practising notaries in three-yearly elections. There is a limit of two consecutive mandates. The three members of the Audit Committee are elected according to the same procedure.The 20 elected councillors, after they are installed in office, nominate a President, a Vice President, a Secretary and an Executive Committee. The tasks of the Consiglio Na

In general terms, the conveyance is the contract that transfers ownership of an asset or some other right in exchange for a consideration; more generically, one may say that a real estate conveyance is the formal agreement whereby one party, known as the vendor, transfers to another party, known as the purchaser, the ownership of a particular property in exchange for payment of the agreed price. Given the extreme importance of real property ownership, our legal system not only requires th

The law completes the range of measures introduced to protect the purchaser by extending to the purchaser the right to parcel out the loan and the mortgage on the building being built, and the prohibition on selling before the division of the loan into quotas, or before discharge of the mortgage or foreclosure where these are not taken over by the new purchaser (Articles 7 and 8). The purchaser of a house to be used as his/her home has the right of pre-emption in case of an auction (Art.

La loi complète et renforce ultérieurement la protection de l’acquéreur en étendant également au promettant acquéreur le droit de fractionner l’emprunt immobilier et l’hypothèque sur le bien immobilier en construction, et  l’interdiction qui s’en suit de procéder à la vente avant la subdivision en quote-parts du financement et le fractionnement ou la radiation hypothécaire ou la saisie, si non endossées (articles 7 et 8). Ceci ouvre donc un droit de prélation en faveur des acquéreurs de l

Le contrat de prêt négocié avec une banque dont la durée dépasse dix-huit mois bénéficie d’importants allégements fiscaux en matière d’impôts indirects: le contrat n’est pas grevé de droits de timbre, ni d’enregistrement, ni d’inscription de l’hypothèque, mais seulement d’un impôt de substitution de 0,25% sur le montant de l’emprunt, qui sera directement retenu par la banque et versé à l’administration fiscale (Attention: exclusivement pour les crédits contractés pour l’achat, la constructio

Another important innovation is that the builder, or seller of buildings being constructed, is obliged to take out an insurance policy which will protect the purchaser for at least ten years from any damages deriving from the total or partial collapse of the building or from serious construction flaws (Article 4).

Le fait de déposer “formellement” un acte près du notaire, que ce soit la loi qui l’exige (article 33 D.P.R. 445/2000; article 106 de la loi notariale) ou que ce soit sur demande d’une personne a comme but et comme résultat d’imposer en premier lieu un contrôle de la légalité de l’acte déposé (à savoir la vérification que son contenu n’est pas contraire à des normes de loi contraignantes) et en garantit en outre la conservation dans le temps. Le contrôle sur le contenu de l’acte étranger

As has been seen above, in order to determine the type of tax and the amount and means of payment of the sums due for duties on the purchase of a so-called primary residence, one must first of all take into account the nature of the vendor. When the vendor is the company that built (or renovated) the property and four years have not elapsed since completion, the conveyance is subject to VAT that the purchaser must pay directly to the company and not to the notary, along with the payment o

The conveyance may rightly be considered the notarial transaction par excellence, considering all the actions the law imposes on the notary following settlement (to cite the more important ones: filing, cadastral registration, transcription, notification of the competent authorities specified by law etc.). It is the notary who writes the contract after having established the intentions of the parties and after having obtained all useful information and carried out all the necessary search

If a married person wishes to sell a property, it is necessary to check whether or not the consent of the other spouse is needed; If a minor or a person not of sound mind is the owner of an asset, a judge's authorization is needed for the sale as well as the intervention of that person's tutor or parent or legal representative; the same thing applies for a purchase by such persons; If an inherited asset is the common property of several heirs, before selling his share an heir must firs

In the first place, the vendor is obliged to consign to the purchaser the property sold in the state in which it is with vacant possession, free of persons and things, at the time the contract of sale is notarised, i.e. at the same time as the balance of the price is paid. The vendor has the option, however, of allowing the future purchaser to occupy the property even before the actual change of ownership, it being understood that because he is still the owner of the asset he remains resp

A joint-stock company must be set up through a public deed which must clearly indicate who the parties to the contract are. Such parties may be individuals but also legal entities (as for instance other joint-stock companies, partnerships, cooperatives or other bodies).The Memorandum of Association must indicate the Municipality in which the company has its registered office, which is where it operates, and the name of the company which must contain the wording “"società per azioni" or "s.p.

La société par actions doit se constituer par un acte authentique dans lequel les parties au contrat de société seront identifiées; il ne doit pas nécessairement s’agir de personnes physiques, mais aussi de personnes morales (comme par exemple d’autres sociétés par actions ou des sociétés de personnes, voire des coopératives ou autres organismes).L’acte constitutif devra aussi identifier la commune où se trouve le siège de la société, qui est le lieu où est exercée l’activité sociale, et la rais

Any change, even only a purely formal change, in the clauses of the by-laws of a company is considered to be an amendment to the by-laws.  As a rule this competence belongs to the extraordinary shareholders’ meeting and the relevant decision must be written in the minutes by a notary public and then registered with the Register of Companies.The decision must be taken by a majority vote, any clause in the bylaws setting forth that unanimity is required to change the Memorandum of Association

If the parties wish to join forces by setting up a partnership, they can do this also by setting up a limited partnership (hereafter referred to as an s.a.s.).In general, the s.a.s. is governed by rules that govern the general partnership (for which in turn, reference is made to the rules laid down for informal partnerships), except for the specific provisions which will be examined below.Such a partnership is characterised by the presence of two categories of partners:- unlimited partners,

The limited liability company is intended for smaller companies than joint-stock companies, and the equity participation in the company has a personal connotation which is absent in the s.p.a.  In fact, it has a limited number of shareholders who are not personally responsible for the social security liabilities, even if they have acted in the name and on behalf of the company.The legislation in place as of 1 January 2004 has had a major impact on the limited liability company, which is an e

The board of statutory auditors is the audit body of the joint-stock companies that adopt the traditional system:  it has the task of monitoring the company’s compliance with the law and the Memorandum of Association and has a supervisory function with regard to the actions of management. The Board of Auditors only exceptionally exercise accountancy control  and they do so only in closed companies, that is, companies which do not have recourse to the venture capital market, and only if envis

In early 2003 the Italian legislator issued a law decree (n° 6 of 17 January 2003) which thoroughly reformed companies limited by shares.  The declared aim was to simplify, where appropriate, and enrich, wherever possible, the rules governing such companies, with a view to increasing their competitiveness on both domestic and international markets.Many changes were made and the following results have been achieved:  a better, though still not complete, co-ordination between the rules governi

In general, the winding up and liquidation of an s.a.s. is governed by the rules set forth for general partnerships, to which the reader is referred (please refer to the related paragraph).However, besides the causes of dissolution that are the same for an s.n.c., there is another cause that is exclusive of the s.a.s., namely when there is only one category of partners left.In fact, it is envisaged that the s.a.s. is to be dissolved when only limited partners or only unlimited partners remai

La dissolution et la liquidation de la SCS est en général réglementée par les normes édictées pour la société en nom collectif, auxquelles nous vous renvoyons.Cependant, outre les causes de dissolution partagées avec la s.n.c., il y en a une plus particulière, prévue exclusivement pour la SCS: la disparition d’une des catégories d’associés.Il est en effet prévu que la SCS est dissoute s’il ne restent plus que des associés commanditaires ou que des commandités, toujours à condition que dans les s

Limited partners are excluded, in principle, from managing the company.However, they may negotiate or conclude individual deals on behalf of the company, providing they have received a specific proxy or authorisation empowering them to do so.Each limited partner is responsible for social security liabilities in a degree that is proportionate to the contribution they made to the company. Accordingly he/she does not assume any other risks, except that of losing the value of the capital he/she

The consortium company is a particular form of consortium which operates under the same rules as those that govern the consortium that carries out external activities, set up for carrying out activities jointly with third parties. So this type of entity is organised like a company but it also has the function of a consortium.There are also mixed consortium companies, where some members are not  entrepreneurs but their presence in the enterprise is deemed instrumental for achieving the purpos

The functioning of the company with share capital, in its traditional model, is based on the necessary simultaneous presence of three bodies:  the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors and the board of statutory auditors, each of which has its own distinct sphere of competence. Accounts are audited by an auditor or by an audit firm, except for closed companies where this is decided in the By-laws.The shareholders’ meeting, which is a sovereign body since it is empowered to decide on

From the historic and regulatory point of view, the joint-stock company is the prototype of the company with share capital whose body of rules apply to the limited partnerships with share capital (s.a.p.a.), with which it is compatible, and in some respects they are very close to the rules that govern the limited liability company, which however makes little reference to the rules on joint-stock companies, which consequently do not directly apply. The joint-stock company (s.p.a.) differs fro

Dans l’optique historique et normative, la société par actions est le prototype de la société de capitaux, et sa réglementation analytique est compatible avec, et donc applicable également à la société en commandite par actions et reprend dans une certaine mesure le modèle des normes sur la société à responsabilité limitée, qui, contrairement au système précédent, ne comporte cependant que des renvois sporadiques et limités aux normes en matière de société par actions, qui par conséquent ne peuv

La société en commandite par actions est une société par actions modifiée dans laquelle le pouvoir de gestion appartient aux administrateurs permanents qui assument en contrepartie de leur position dominante une responsabilité illimitée, encore que subsidiaire, des dettes sociales. La réglementation particulière de ce type de sociétés se réduit à quelques normes qui traitent surtout de l'administration de la société par les commandités.Ce qui distingue ce type de société, c’est la coexistence de

On the basis of the provisions in force as of 1 January 2004, the administration of joint-stock companies may be organised according to three separate models:  the traditional model, the monistic model (of Anglo-Saxon origin) and the two-tier model (of German origin).In the traditional model, the directors have the task of running the company, and are accordingly provided with the power of being pro-active i.e. promoting the decision-making activity of the meeting (power of initiative), of i

In general partnerships too it may happen that, in the course of the company’s existence, the partners may wish to amend the partnership deed.Unless otherwise agreed, such changes must be adopted unanimously (except for when the company is turned into a company with share capital, or when mergers or demergers are carried out),  and must be written in a public deed or in an authenticated private contract, just like the partnership deed, since the law prescribes that also these amendments must

The rules described for the s.n.c. also apply to the establishment of an s.a.s.The Memorandum of Association must comply with the same requirements, in form and content, as those laid down for the s.n.c.An additional requirement is that the unlimited partners and the limited partners be distinctly indicated.The Memorandum of Association of the s.a.s. are to be entered in the Register of Companies. If this is not done the partnership is irregular and the provisions that shall apply are less favou

Pour la constitution de la SCS ce sont les règles illustrées pour la  s.n.c  qui trouvent application.Quant à la forme et au contenu de l’acte constitutif, il devra respecter les mêmes règles que celles qui ont été décrites pour la s.n.c.Outre à celles-ci, il faudra indiquer de façon distincte qui sont les associés commandités et qui sont les commanditaires.L’acte constitutif de la SCS devra lui aussi être inscrit au registre des entreprises, et à défaut d’enregistrement, la société sera simplem

Consortiums are formed between entrepreneurs who decide to set up a common enterprise for regulating and carrying different phases of their respective businesses. The consortiums too are of a mutual character, since the consortium’s activity is carried out in the interest of its member enterprises. “Regulating” given steps of the members’ enterprises is a typical function of internal consortiums, and may be non-competitive in nature, while the “carrying out” of given steps in the respecti

In particular, it is pointed out that there are different rules as compared with the s.p.a. for the adoption of certain decisions (amendments to the Memorandum of Association, revocation and replacement of directors, appointment and revocation of the members of the supervision board). Hence the need to seek the advice of a notary public.For all other aspects, please refer to the joint-stock companies (please refer to the related paragraph).

Il fut un temps où étaient étrangers tous ceux qui n’étaient pas des citoyens italiens. Soyons clairs, cette définition est toujours valable. Sauf que l’article 17 du Traité de la CE a introduit la citoyenneté de l’Union Européenne, attribuée à tous ceux qui sont les ressortissants d’un État membre. Être citoyen de l’Union Européenne a différents effets, dont certains de grande portée, comme l’interdiction de discriminations sur la base de la nationalité et le principe de la primauté du d

Co-operatives are associations of persons which are protected in the Italian Constitution:  in fact Article 45 of the Italian Constitution states: “the Constitution recognises the social function of co-operative societies that are based on the values of solidarity and that do not pursue goals of private profit”.In co-operatives predominant importance is ascribed to the social function, which consists in implementing a democratic decentralisation of the power of organisation and management of

Take the case in which the company has lost capital. What is the company allowed to do?In this connection the law envisages that, in case of losses, the company cannot distribute profits among the partners until the capital has been reduced or replenished by the corresponding amount.However, unlike what happens for companies with share capital, there is no obligation to reduce the capital whatever the amount of the losses incurred, even if the latter are such as to wipe out the  entire capit

Admettons par hypothèse qu’il y ait eu une perte de capital social, que faut-il faire?La seule obligation que la loi impose à ce propos est qu’en cas de pertes, la société ne peut pas distribuer les bénéfices aux associés tant que le capital n’a pas été réduit ou reconstitué dans la même  mesure.Néanmoins, contrairement aux sociétés de capitaux, il n’y a aucune obligation à réduire le capital, quel que soit le montant des pertes, même si elles sont telles qu’elles réduisent le capital à zéro.Il

IL PATTO DI FAMIGLIA 1. IntroduzioneCon l’introduzione nel nostro ordinamento del “patto di famiglia”, istituto da tempo atteso e caldeggiato, la trasmissione della ricchezza familiare, prevalentemente rappresentata dall’impresa e/o caratterizzata da una predominante dimensione mobiliare, può essere oggi programmata con lungimiranza.Per lungo (forse troppo) tempo le norme che nel nostro ordinamento disciplinano le successioni mortis causa sono rimaste del tutto indifferent

The essential requirements for entering a partnership deed are three:- contributions;- jointly carrying out a business activity;- sharing in the earnings.

In carrying out its business, the company can use distinctive features such as a name, sign-board and trademark.The name characterizes the entrepreneur in exercising the company’s business, the trademark identifies and distinguishes the goods and services produced by a company and the sign-board identifies the premises where the business is carried out.

The corporate assets are the company’s assets and liabilities.  Initially they are made up of the contributions offered or promised by the partners.  During its life-time the corporate assets undergo changes depending on the business activities carried out. The assets and liabilities are audited regularly through the drawing up of the annual balance sheet.The net worth is the positive difference between assets and liabilities.The corporate assets also have the function of providing the compa

Le patrimoine social est l’ensemble des rapports juridiques actifs et passifs confluant dans la société.Il est constitué au départ par l’ensemble des apports effectués ou promis par les associés. Au cours de la vie de la société, le patrimoine social subit continuellement des variations en fonction des circonstances économiques de la société. Sa consistance (actifs et passifs) est périodiquement vérifiée par la rédaction annuelle du bilan d’exercice.On appelle patrimoine net la différence positi

The management of a company is the activity of running the corporate enterprise. The power of management is the power of carrying out any activity that falls within the scope of the corporate purpose.When the management of the company falls on more than one partner (all or some), and the partnership contract makes no provision on how the power of management is to be exercised, then the notion of  separate management shall apply:  each partner is a director, that is, he has the power of manag

L’administration de la société est l’activité de gestion de l’entreprise qui constitue la société. La faculté d’administrer est le pouvoir d'accomplir tous les actes inhérents à l’objet social.Quand l’administration de la société est assurée par plus d’un associé (tous ou plusieurs) et que le contrat de société ne précise pas les modalités d’exercice du pouvoir de gestion on est en présence d’une gestion divisée: chaque associé est administrateur, et a donc le pouvoir de gérer et pourra réaliser

Dans les sociétés de capitaux se réalise une autonomie patrimoniale parfaite, dans le sens que les associés répondent des dettes sociales uniquement à concurrence de la quote-part apportée.Ceci comporte:- que les créanciers personnels de l’associé ne peuvent pas être désintéressés sur les biens de la société;- que les créanciers sociaux pour leur part ne peuvent pas prétendre que les associés couvrent les dettes contractées par la société avec leurs patrimoines personnels.Les vicissitudes patrim

Carrying out an economic activity jointly in the form of a company is aimed at making a profit (objective profit) subsequently to be shared among the shareholders (subjective profit).  The companies that pursue this aim are called profit-making companies (partnerships and companies with share capital).There are however other types of companies (cooperatives) which by law pursue a mutual aim that is different from profit-making.Their typical aim is to provide the members with direct advantage

Contributions are the assets that the partners are obliged to provide under the partnership deed.In other terms, the contributions are the resources that the partners contribute to create the initial assets of the company.It is their function to provide the company with the initial capital required to carry out the company’s activity.Through the contribution each partner allocates a part of his personal assets to the common activity throughout the lifetime of the company and takes on the ent

In setting up a company, it is desirable to be assisted by a notary who will help you choose the form of company that, from the organizational standpoint, is best suited to achieving the corporate purpose.From the organizational point of view, companies can be distinguished into the following types:a. PartnershipsThese include:- informal partnerships;- general partnerships;- limited partnerships. b. Companies limited by shares These comprise:- joint-stoc

In order to do business often huge investments are required and often a single person may not have that amount of financial means. Doing business through a company enables several people to invest and work together so that each individual may then enjoy the benefits of the activity carried out proportionately to the amount of work done and to the quota of investments made.A participation (share or quota) of the capital of the company is assigned to the partner in return for the assets he has

In its Memorandum of Association each company must indicate an office address where it will presumably carry out its administrative and management activities.The company may set up one or more branch offices where it carries out its business, with an organizational and administrative autonomy, and normally with a stable representative.

It is extremely simple to set up an informal partnership:- the contract needs not be of any special type, except where special types of assets are involved (and except for evidentiary limitations);- all that is needed to set up an informal partnership is the mutual engagement by the partners to jointly carry out a non-commercial profit-making activity;- informal partnerships must be entered into the register of companies. Such registration takes place in a special section and does not imply

Individuals interested in becoming partners, whether they be natural persons, companies, associations or in general, entities, must have the legal capacity to act, i.e. carry out transactions that are valid from a legal standpoint.Can joint-stock companies  be members of a partnership? The issue was a matter for debate up to recently, but an affirmative solution was provided by the law that entered into force as of January 1 2004.Participation by other entities in companies can give rise to

Individuals who set up a company do so because they want to carry out a given economic activity together with other individuals.  This activity is the corporate purpose and must be indicated in the Memorandum of Association.  It may be changed during the life-time of the company only in accordance with the amendment rules envisaged in the Memorandum of Association.The activity must be a productive activity, i.e. a business aimed at producing or trading goods or providing services, while it c

Celui qui crée une société est poussé par l’objectif (dit  objectif/moyen) d’exercer en commun avec d’autres sujets une activité économique donnée. Cette activité constitue l’objet social et doit être précisée dans l’acte constitutif. Il ne peut être modifié au cours de la vie de la société que dans le respect des normes qui réglementent les modifications de l’acte de constitution.Il faut qu’il s’agisse d’une activité productive, en d’autres mots d’une activité qui a un contenu patrimonial, réal